Epidemiology and Stats

Question 1

primary levels of prevention

Answer 1

prevent onset of dz

- vaccines, diet/exercise

Question 2

secondary levels of prevention

Answer 2

prevent progression of dz

- screening, hypertension meds

Question 3

tertiary levels of prevention

Answer 3

prevent complications of dz

- surgery, rehab

Question 4

colon cancer screening

Answer 4

50-75
colonoscopy q10y
flex sig q5y + FOBT q3y
FOBT q1y

Question 5

breast cancer screening

Answer 5

40-49 if + famhx
- only BRCA1/2
50-74
- mammo q2y

Question 6

cervical cancer screening

Answer 6

21-65

Pap smear q3y

Question 7

lung cancer screening

Answer 7

55-80 +; 30 pack-yr +; quit < 15yrs

low dose CT q1y

Question 8

cholesterol screening

Answer 8

female 45, male 35, 20 if at risk

fasting lipid q5y

Question 9

HTN screening

Answer 9

everybody

check BP every visit

Question 10

DM screening

Answer 10

HTN

A1c

Question 11

osteoporosis screening

Answer 11

female 65, high risk at 60

one time DEXA

Question 12

AAA screening

Answer 12

male >50, smoker

one time u/s abdominal aorta

Question 13

STDs

Answer 13

sexually active

rapids tests at least once, pref q1y

Question 14

hepatitis c screening

Answer 14

baby boomers

one time ab screen

Question 15

depression screening

Answer 15

all adults

PHQ9, clinical judgment

Question 16

alcohol misuse screening

Answer 16

all adults

interview

Question 17

diagnostic tests 2x2 table

Answer 17

Test +, Disease + = true positive = A
Test +, Disease - = false positive = B
Test -, Disease + = false negative = C
Test -, Disease - = true negative = D

Question 18

sensitivity

Answer 18

A/(A+C)

ability to detect true positives

Question 19

specificity

Answer 19

D/(B+D)

ability to confirm true negatives

Question 20

PPV

Answer 20

A/(A+B)

probability of a disease in pt with + result, increase prevalence increase PPV

Question 21

NPV

Answer 21

D/(C+D)

probability of no disease in pt with - test result, increase prevalence decrease NPV

Question 22

observational studies

Answer 22

case series
cross sectional
cohort
case control

Question 23

randomized controlled trial

Answer 23

gold standard, uses intervention vs. control groups & tracks dz outcomes, uses odds ratio
intervention = treatment
control = placebo, standard of care, nothing

Question 24

case series

Answer 24

qualitative, narrative

Question 25

cross sectional

Answer 25

retrospective, snapshot of dz and exposure in a given time, uses prevalence

Question 26

cohort

Answer 26

prospective, starts with exposed vs. unexposed and tracks dz outcomes over time, uses relative risk

Question 27

case control

Answer 27

retrospective, starts with dz vs. no dz and looks at exposures, uses odds ratio

Question 28

observational studies f/u

Answer 28

cannot establish causation, only correlation

Question 29

methods to eliminate bias

Answer 29

randomization, blinding, standardization, statistical controlling