Neurological System Flashcards
The central nervous system is composed of what:
consists of the brain, spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system is composed of what:
consists of the cranial nerves.
what two pathways makeup the peripheral nervous system?
the afferent and efferent pathways
Describe the afferent pathway
Carry sensory information towards the CNS; also called ascending pathway
Describe the efferent pathway
Innervate effector organs (such as skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle as well as glands); also called descending pathway
what is the somatic nervous system consist of ?
It consists of motor and sensory pathways regulating VOLUNTARY motor control of skeletal muscle.
what is the autonomic nervous system consist of ?
consists of motor and sensory components and is involved with regulation of the body’s internal environment (viscera) through INVOLUNTARY control of organ systems.
what are the 3 components of a neuron?
a cell body (soma), dendrites, and the axon.
what is the function of dendrites?
they carry nerve impulses toward the cell body
what is the function of an axon?
they carry nerve impulses away from the cell body
what are nissl substances/bodies?
involved in protein synthesis; basically the ER and ribosomes of the neuron
what is important about olfactory neurons?
they continue to divide throughout life
what is myelin?
a segmented layer of lipid material which provides insulation
in the brain and spinal cord, myelin is formed by at type of cell?
oligodendrocytes
in the PNS, the myelin sheath is composed of what type of cells?
Schwann cells
what are the nodes of ranvier?
they are regular interval breaks in the myelin sheath, sheath is not insulated in these breaks/intervals
what is the difference between white matter and gray matter?
white matter has a high level of myelination. Gray matter lacks myelination.
what are nociceptors?
pain receptors
what are mechanoreceptors?
receptors related to touch, pressure, and mechanical deformation
what are photochemical receptors?
associated with light on the retina
what are chemoreceptors?
associated with flavors, odors, oxygen levels, osmolarity of the body fluids
what are thermoreceptors?
associated with temperature; heat and cold
what are proprioception?
associated with sensing location of body parts
can peripheral nerves repair themselves?
yes; this is done through axonal reaction
presynaptic neurons carry impulses
toward a synapse
postsynaptic neuron carry impulses
away from the synapse
what comprises the brainstem?
the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons
what is the reticular formation?
a large network of diffuse nuclei that connect the brainstem to the cortex and control vital reflexes (CV function and Resp. Function)
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a decrease in what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
levels of serotonin are elevated in what mood disorder?
schizophrenia
Parkinson’s disease results in destruction of what neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
the two cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep grove known as what?
the longitudinal fissure
The Broca are in the inferior frontal lobe is important center for what?
speech and language processing
Wernicke area on the parietal lobe is associated with what?
it is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech.
injury to wernicke’s area can result in :
receptive aphasia and dysphasia
Injury to broca’s area can result in:
expressive aphasia (difficulty forming words) and dysphasia
The nuclei of cranial nerves 5 through 9 are located where?
In the pons (hindbrain)
The nuclei of cranial nerves 9 through 12 are located where?
the medulla oblongata also myelencephalon
what does afferent mean?
sensory
what does efferent mean?
motor
how many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal
what are the upper motor neurons function?
control fine motor movement
injury to the upper motor neuron results in what?
initial paralysis followed by recovery which could take days or weeks
what are the lower motor neurons function?
directly influence muscles, processes extend out of the CNS into the PNS
injury to the lower motor neurons results in what?
permanent paralysis
unless peripheral nerve damage is followed by nerve regeneration and recovery
what is cranial nerve 1? what’s the function?
olfactory nerve; carries impulses for sense of smell
what is cranial nerve 2? what’s the function?
optic nerve; carries impulse for vision
what is cranial nerve 3? what’s the function?
oculomotor nerve; contains motor fibers to direct eye and lift eyelid
what is cranial nerve 4? what’s the function?
trochlear nerve; motor fibers of eye muscle
what is cranial nerve 5? what’s the function?
trigeminal nerve; stimulate chewing muscles and conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, surface of eye.
what is cranial nerve 6? what’s the function?
abducens nerve; contain motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle of eye
what is cranial nerve 7? what’s the function?
facial nerve; muscles to face and carries taste buds of anterior part of tongue
what is cranial nerve 8? what’s the function?
vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory or acoustic); transmits impulses for sense of equilibrium (balance) and hearing
what is cranial nerve 9? what’s the function?
glossopharyngeal nerve; motor fibers of the pharynx and salivary glands, carries impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue (taste buds) and pressure receptors of carotid artery
what is cranial nerve 10? what’s the function?
vagus nerve; associated with parasympathetic motor fibers. receives sensory impulse from viscera
what is cranial nerve 11? what’s the function?
spinal accessory nerve; sensory and motor fibers for sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.
what is cranial nerve 12? what’s its function?
hypoglossal nerve; carries motor fibers to muscles of tongue and sensory impulses from tongue to brain
where are catecholamines secreted from?
adrenal medulla
what composes the limbic system?
the brain system that includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus
what structure connects the cerebral hemispheres?
the corpus callosum
Dry mouth is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?
Sympathetic nervous system
Contraction of the bladder detrusor muscle is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?
parasympathetic nervous system
Increased plasma free fatty acids is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?
sympathetic nervous system
Bradycardia is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?
parasympathetic nervous system
increased salivation is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?
parasympathetic nervous system
cool, pale skin is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?
sympathetic nervous system
increased peristalsis in intestines is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?
parasympathetic nervous system
what pathway is the basal ganglia apart of ?
the extrapyramidal pathway
cell bodies of spinal lower motor neurons are located in which type of matter?
gray matter
what is EPSP?
excitatory postsynaptic potential
what is IPSP?
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the peripheral nervous system?
31
where in the brain does the body secrete melatonin?
the pineal gland
which three cranial nerves are necessary for normal eye movement?
cranial nerves: 3,4,6
what does the subarachnoid space hold?
cerebrospinal fluid
IPSP has what type of polarizaiton?
hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membrane
EPSP has what type of polarization?
depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane
