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Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology > Neurological System > Flashcards

Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system is composed of what:

A

consists of the brain, spinal cord.

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system is composed of what:

A

consists of the cranial nerves.

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3
Q

what two pathways makeup the peripheral nervous system?

A

the afferent and efferent pathways

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4
Q

Describe the afferent pathway

A

Carry sensory information towards the CNS; also called ascending pathway

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5
Q

Describe the efferent pathway

A

Innervate effector organs (such as skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle as well as glands); also called descending pathway

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6
Q

what is the somatic nervous system consist of ?

A

It consists of motor and sensory pathways regulating VOLUNTARY motor control of skeletal muscle.

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7
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system consist of ?

A

consists of motor and sensory components and is involved with regulation of the body’s internal environment (viscera) through INVOLUNTARY control of organ systems.

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8
Q

what are the 3 components of a neuron?

A

a cell body (soma), dendrites, and the axon.

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9
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A

they carry nerve impulses toward the cell body

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10
Q

what is the function of an axon?

A

they carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

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11
Q

what are nissl substances/bodies?

A

involved in protein synthesis; basically the ER and ribosomes of the neuron

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12
Q

what is important about olfactory neurons?

A

they continue to divide throughout life

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13
Q

what is myelin?

A

a segmented layer of lipid material which provides insulation

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14
Q

in the brain and spinal cord, myelin is formed by at type of cell?

A

oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

in the PNS, the myelin sheath is composed of what type of cells?

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier?

A

they are regular interval breaks in the myelin sheath, sheath is not insulated in these breaks/intervals

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17
Q

what is the difference between white matter and gray matter?

A

white matter has a high level of myelination. Gray matter lacks myelination.

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18
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

pain receptors

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19
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

receptors related to touch, pressure, and mechanical deformation

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20
Q

what are photochemical receptors?

A

associated with light on the retina

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21
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

associated with flavors, odors, oxygen levels, osmolarity of the body fluids

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22
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

associated with temperature; heat and cold

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23
Q

what are proprioception?

A

associated with sensing location of body parts

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24
Q

can peripheral nerves repair themselves?

A

yes; this is done through axonal reaction

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25
Q

presynaptic neurons carry impulses

A

toward a synapse

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26
Q

postsynaptic neuron carry impulses

A

away from the synapse

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27
Q

what comprises the brainstem?

A

the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons

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28
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

a large network of diffuse nuclei that connect the brainstem to the cortex and control vital reflexes (CV function and Resp. Function)

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29
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a decrease in what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

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30
Q

levels of serotonin are elevated in what mood disorder?

A

schizophrenia

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31
Q

Parkinson’s disease results in destruction of what neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

32
Q

the two cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep grove known as what?

A

the longitudinal fissure

33
Q

The Broca are in the inferior frontal lobe is important center for what?

A

speech and language processing

34
Q

Wernicke area on the parietal lobe is associated with what?

A

it is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech.

35
Q

injury to wernicke’s area can result in :

A

receptive aphasia and dysphasia

36
Q

Injury to broca’s area can result in:

A

expressive aphasia (difficulty forming words) and dysphasia

37
Q

The nuclei of cranial nerves 5 through 9 are located where?

A

In the pons (hindbrain)

38
Q

The nuclei of cranial nerves 9 through 12 are located where?

A

the medulla oblongata also myelencephalon

39
Q

what does afferent mean?

A

sensory

40
Q

what does efferent mean?

A

motor

41
Q

how many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A 
7 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
42
Q

what are the upper motor neurons function?

A

control fine motor movement

43
Q

injury to the upper motor neuron results in what?

A

initial paralysis followed by recovery which could take days or weeks

44
Q

what are the lower motor neurons function?

A

directly influence muscles, processes extend out of the CNS into the PNS

45
Q

injury to the lower motor neurons results in what?

A

permanent paralysis

unless peripheral nerve damage is followed by nerve regeneration and recovery

46
Q

what is cranial nerve 1? what’s the function?

A

olfactory nerve; carries impulses for sense of smell

47
Q

what is cranial nerve 2? what’s the function?

A

optic nerve; carries impulse for vision

48
Q

what is cranial nerve 3? what’s the function?

A

oculomotor nerve; contains motor fibers to direct eye and lift eyelid

49
Q

what is cranial nerve 4? what’s the function?

A

trochlear nerve; motor fibers of eye muscle

50
Q

what is cranial nerve 5? what’s the function?

A

trigeminal nerve; stimulate chewing muscles and conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, surface of eye.

51
Q

what is cranial nerve 6? what’s the function?

A

abducens nerve; contain motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle of eye

52
Q

what is cranial nerve 7? what’s the function?

A

facial nerve; muscles to face and carries taste buds of anterior part of tongue

53
Q

what is cranial nerve 8? what’s the function?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory or acoustic); transmits impulses for sense of equilibrium (balance) and hearing

54
Q

what is cranial nerve 9? what’s the function?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve; motor fibers of the pharynx and salivary glands, carries impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue (taste buds) and pressure receptors of carotid artery

55
Q

what is cranial nerve 10? what’s the function?

A

vagus nerve; associated with parasympathetic motor fibers. receives sensory impulse from viscera

56
Q

what is cranial nerve 11? what’s the function?

A

spinal accessory nerve; sensory and motor fibers for sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.

57
Q

what is cranial nerve 12? what’s its function?

A

hypoglossal nerve; carries motor fibers to muscles of tongue and sensory impulses from tongue to brain

58
Q

where are catecholamines secreted from?

A

adrenal medulla

59
Q

what composes the limbic system?

A

the brain system that includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus

60
Q

what structure connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

the corpus callosum

61
Q

Dry mouth is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

62
Q

Contraction of the bladder detrusor muscle is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

63
Q

Increased plasma free fatty acids is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?

A

sympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Bradycardia is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

65
Q

increased salivation is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

66
Q

cool, pale skin is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?

A

sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

increased peristalsis in intestines is caused by stimulation of what autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic)?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

68
Q

what pathway is the basal ganglia apart of ?

A

the extrapyramidal pathway

69
Q

cell bodies of spinal lower motor neurons are located in which type of matter?

A

gray matter

70
Q

what is EPSP?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

71
Q

what is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

72
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the peripheral nervous system?

A

31

73
Q

where in the brain does the body secrete melatonin?

A

the pineal gland

74
Q

which three cranial nerves are necessary for normal eye movement?

A

cranial nerves: 3,4,6

75
Q

what does the subarachnoid space hold?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

76
Q

IPSP has what type of polarizaiton?

A

hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membrane

77
Q

EPSP has what type of polarization?

A

depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane

Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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