Neoplasia Flashcards
Name three cellular threats
Trauma, burns (this can include chemical or thermal burns), ionizing radiation (which includes UVA and UVB rays)
What is decrease in cell size or number?
Atrophy
What is an increase and sell size in response to increased workload of the cell?
Hypertrophy
Describe hyperplasia
It is the increase of cell rate division and an increase in the number of cells in that tissue
Example: adipose tissue increase through hyperplasia of fat cells
What is the conversion of one type of cell into a different cell type called?
Metaplasia
Example is cigarette smoking causing normal columnar epithelium to turn into squamous epithelium
Describe dysplasia
Disorderly saw proliferation resulting in an abnormal sizes, shapes, and orientation of cells towards one another
What is the loss of cell differentiation?
Anaplasia, cells widely differ in size and shape
What is pleomorphism?
Different in size, shape and nuclear composition
Associated with anaplasia
What is new cellular growth due to abnormal reproduction of cell undergoing mitosis?
Neoplasm
Well differentiated, grow slowly, well defined capsule, non-invasive, low mitotic tonic index—Slow rate of cell division, does not metastasize rarely recur, ulcerate, or become necrotic.
Is this malignant or benign?
Benign also non-cancerous
Poorly differentiated, grows rapidly, not encapsulated, invasive, high mitotic index, frequently metastasizes, often reoccur, Ulcerate, or become necrotic.
Is this benign or malignant?
Malignant also cancerous
What suffix associates with benign tumors?
“Omas”
What is a lipoma?
Benign tumor originating from fat tissue
What is a glioma?
Benign tumor arising from glial cells in the CNS
What is a Leiomyoma?
Fibroids also small muscle tumor
What is a chondroma?
Benign tumors involving cartilage
What are the suffix used For malignant tumors?
Carcinomas
What is an osteosarcoma?
Malignant tumor arising from the bone cells
What is a chondrosarcoma?
A malignant tumor derived from cartilage cells
What is “in situ” referred to us?
Tumor is contained within the basement membrane.
When the tumor break through the basement membrane, the tumor is no longer in situ as it invaded surrounding tissue
What does carcinoma in situ referred to as?
There is malignant cells present but I have not broken through the basement membrane.
There is a lower risk of metastasis if the basement membrane has not been penetrated
What happens in interphase: G 0?
Performing specialize functions
What happens in interphase G 1?
Growth and duplication of cells and organelles for replication
What happens in interphase: S phase?
DNA synthesis
What happens in interphase G2?
Additional proteins synthesis
For tumors, they spend less time in which two phases of interphase?
G0 and G1 phase of the cell cycle.
They have less time to repair damage that may occur in the cell and they are undergoing mitosis more rapidly than normal cells
What are the five viruses implicated with cancer?
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C, HPV, human lymphoma virus associated with T cell leukemia, and the Simian virus
What is important to know about the Simian virus (SV40) ?
Occurs primarily in monkeys, associated with some or forms of brain and bone cancer.
What type of G.I. infection can cause cancer?
Helicobacter pylori
What kind of cancer is Aflatoxin B (Aspergillus flavus) associated with?
Liver or hepatic carcinoma, it is mold found on corn barley rice soy beans nuts and then cheddar cheese.
What 2 types of cancer is ionizing radiation associated with?
Thyroid cancer as well as leukemias
HPV is associated with which type of cancer?
Cervical cancer
What vaccine is available to reduce the risk of cervical cancer from some strains of HPV?
Gardasil
It doesn’t protect against all strains of the virus but has increased resistance to the HPV virus
Risk factor: amines can cause cancer through diet by ?
Associated with Charboiling meat protein
What are xenobiotics?
Toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals in food
Transformation of normal cell tissue occurs in Two ways
Loss of contact inhibition and loss of cell anchorage (adhesion)
What is contact inhibition?
This occurs when a cell is close to another cell And it stops replicating.
If there is adequate space between the cells then more cells will go under my mitosis to fill in the empty space
Describe loss of cell adhesion
Normally cells are anchored or have adhesion with one another to maintain cohesion and form of skin or tissue.
Loss of cell adhesion enables malignant cells to migrate away from the tumor site
What are telomeres?
Telomeres are protective caps on each chromosome, they help regulate how many times chromosomes can be replicated.
Once depleted they can’t replicate the chromosome anymore
How many times can chromosomes be replicated usually?
50 to 60 times
What is the enzyme telomerase and what does it have to do with cancer?
The enzyme telomerase repairs a telomere making the cell able to divide indefinitely.
Tumor becomes immortal
What are oncogenes?
They are genes that promote cancer development
What are proto-oncogenes?
They are normal jeans are they regulate cellular growth development and replication. They in code the normal proteins for a normal growth factors and receptors.
If proto-oncogenes are mutated they can turn into what?
Oncogenes
What are tumor suppressor genes?
They are genes that suppress malignant proliferation
Which chromosome is BRAC1 located at?
Located on chromosomes 17 Q 21
What chromosome is BRCA2 located on?
Chromosome 13 Q 12.3
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Or what type of genes?
They are tumor suppressor genes
What does BRCA1 and BRCA2 Do in regards to function as a tumor suppressor genes?
They help repair DNA so cancer doesn’t occur
Tumor Protein 53 Is a suppressor gene that protects against cancer, and is located on which chromosome?
Chromosomes 17, P 13.1
Which virus and activates the TP 53 protein?
The human papilloma virus
What is angiogenesis?
The ability to grow new blood vessels
Describe dissemination in regards to the process of metastasis
Malignant cells transport through the blood and lymph nodes Until they become trapped In the lymph node or capillary bed of this organ
Hypercalcemia of malignancy Is associated with what type of cancer?
Mostly breast cancer
Name some of the signs of cancer, there are seven
Change in bowel or bladder habits, cough or hoarseness, Wounds that won’t heal,Mass or lump, unintentional weight loss, Unexplained anemia, unexplained hypercalcemia, frequent or prolonged infections.
