Module 6: Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the condition:
Occurs after a woman gives birth, develops low blood pressure and reduced blood flow to the pituitary gland and can result in severe depression with SI?
Sheehan’s syndrome
In Sheehan’s syndrome, what gland is under perfused?
The pituitary gland
which 3 are hormones and neurotransmitters?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
What three glands in the brain are where the nervous and endocrine system comes together?
The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland.
what are hormones?
secreted circulating chemical mediators
what do autocrine mediators do?
they help regulate the cell that secreted it
what do paracrine mediators do?
influence cells nearby
Name the 4 steroid hormones
aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone
Name 3 amino acid hormones
insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATH), and prolactin
Name 3 amine hormones
thyroid hormone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
what are amine hormones derived from?
built/derived from the amino acid tyrosine
what are steroids made out of?
made of cholesterol (fat) and are lipid soluble
where do steroids bind to?
they bind to receptors inside the cytosol or the nucleus
what is the “interface” between the nervous and endocrine system/
the hypothalamus
what 3 endocrine glands does the hypothalamus communicate with?
adrenal medulla (gland), anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).
what is another name for the anterior pituitary?
adenohypophysis
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the adenohypophysis?
the hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary with chemical signals via the blood stream.
what is another name for the posterior pituitary?
neurohypophysis
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?
the hypothalamus communicates with the posterior pituitary via a nerve track
what kind of hormones are released from the hypothalamus?
releasing-factor hormones
how many hormones are released from the anterior pituitary ?
5 hormones
what are the 5 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- growth hormone
- prolactin
- follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone
what is the ACTH?
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
what is TSH?
thyroid stimulating hormone
what is GH?
growth hormone
what is FSH/LH ?
follicle stimulating hormone/ luteinizing hormone
what is PRL?
Prolactin hormone
what does the adrenal cortex describe?
it means outside of the organ
what does the adrenal medulla describe?
inside the organ
what does the adrenal cortex secrete?
corticosteroids
what is the primary corticosteroid the adrenal cortex releases?
cortisol
what is a mineralocorticoid released from the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone
what is the function of aldosterone?
retain sodium, excrete potassium
what is the 3 glucocorticoids?
cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone
what is the most abundant glucocorticoid?
cortisol
Emotional and physical stress is communicates to the hypothalamus via what system of the CNS?
the limbic system
what is cholesterol a component of and where does it come from?
it is a component of glucocorticoids and comes from the liver.
**it is delivered to the adrenal cortex where it its used to produce glucocorticoids
When is cortisol level the highest throughout the day?
In the morning, when waking up
what pattern does cortisol have?
It has a diurnal or circadian pattern
what is muscle protein catabolism?
breakdown of muscle protein which leads to loss of functional muscle
what is lipolysis?
breakdown of fat
what is gluconeogenesis?
making new glucose out of amino acids and lactate
what is anabolism?
building up or synthesizing of complex chemical structures
what is catabolism?
the breakdown of complex chemicals into simple chemical products
What is Cushing’s disease associated with?
Too much or excess cortisol
what type of cancer is a frequent cause of ectopic excess of ACTH?
small cell lung cancer
what are the s/s of Cushing’s disease?
muscle wasting, hyperglycemia, increased infection, hypertension, bruising, central redistribution of fat
What is Addison’s disease associated with?
A deficit or too little cortisol
what are the s/s of Addison’s disease?
hypoglycemia, weakness, weight loss, hypotension, lethargy, mental confusion, possible seizures
aldosterone is under partial influence of what hormone?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
aldosterone secretion is under dual control by?
the hypothalamus and the renin-angiotensin system
Describe the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
The liver produces angiotensinogen which is secreted when the renal artery pressure is low, there is increased sympathetic activity. the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys secrete renin into the circulation. Renin breaks down angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. the angiotensin 1 circulates to the lung in which the enzyme ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2.
what is renin?
an enzyme that breaks down angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1.
what cells of the kidneys secrete renin?
the juxtaglomerular cells
what does ACE stand for?
angiotensin converting enzyme
where in the body does the ACE enzyme convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?
the lungs
aldosterone is regulated by: (2)
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II
what happens in hyperaldosteronism?
think fluid and electrolyte imbalance
hypernatremia and hypokalemia
HTN, cardiac hypertrophy, and HF occur
what is the function of the thyroid gland?
Helps control growth and maintain energy (metabolism) homeostasis
what two hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
T3 and T4
what is another name for T4?
thyroxine
what is another name for t3?
triiodothyronine
how many iodines does thyroxine have?
4 iodines
how many iodines does triiodothyronine have?
3 iodines
