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Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology > Module 7: Cardiology > Flashcards

Module 7: Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 systems are intrinsic regulators of the heart and blood vessels?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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2
Q

what is the right side of the heart’s action and what is it associated with?

A

pumps blood through the lungs ; pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

what is the left side of the heart’s action and what is it associated with?

A

pumps blood throughout the body; systemic circulation

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4
Q

what action do arteries do?

A

they carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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5
Q

what action do capillaries have?

A

contact and exchange between the blood and the interstitial space

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6
Q

what action do veins have?

A

carry blood from the capillaries back to the heart

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7
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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8
Q

what is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

myocardium

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9
Q

The right side of the heart has what kind of pressure?

A

low pressure system

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10
Q

the left side of the heart has what kind of pressure?

A

high pressure system

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11
Q

what is the opening between the left and right aria before birth called?

A

the foramen ovale

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12
Q

what is another name for the right AV valve?

A

tricuspid valve

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13
Q

what is another name for the left AV valve?

A

mitral valve

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14
Q

The right side of the heart receives what kind of blood?

A

deoxygenate blood

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15
Q

the left side of the heart pumps what kind of blood to the circulatory system?

A

oxygenated blood

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16
Q

what is diastole and what happens?

A

period of relaxation during cardiac cycle; blood fills the ventricles

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17
Q

what is systole and what happens?

A

ventricular contraction during cardiac cycle; propels blood out of the ventricles into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

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18
Q

what are collateral arteries?

A

connections or anastomoses between coronary artery branches

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19
Q

what are two ways for collateral vessel formation?

A

arteriogenesis and angiogenesis

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20
Q

what is arteriogenesis?

A

new artery growth from pre-existing arteries

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21
Q

what is angiogeneis?

A

growth of new capillaries within a tissue

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22
Q

what stimulates collateral growth?

A

shear stress–could be stenosis, inflammation caused by cytokines.

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23
Q

fiber shortening is in relation to what?

A

muscle contraction or systole

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24
Q

fiber relaxing and returning to their resting length is associated with what?

A

diastole

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25
Q

what are the 2 pacemakers of the heart?

A

sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node

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26
Q

what ANS system increases heart rate and conduction through nodes?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

what ANS system slows heart rate and prolongs intranodal conduction time?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

where is the sa node located?

A

it is located near right atrium of the heart near the SVC and above the tricuspid valve

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29
Q

where is the AV node located?

A

it is in the right atria WALL, superior to the tricuspid valve

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30
Q

what innervates the AV node?

A

it is innervated from the autonomic parasympathetic ganglia that serve as receptors for the Vagus nerve

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31
Q

what is depolarization?

A

electrical activation of the muscle cells

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32
Q

what is repolarization?

A

electrical deactivation of the muscle cells

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33
Q

what occurs in phase 0?

A

depolarization, rapid sodium enters into the cell

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34
Q

what occurs in phase 1?

A

early repolarization, calcium slowly enters the cell

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35
Q

what occurs in phase 2?

A

plateau, continuation of repolarization . sodium and calcium enter the cell

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36
Q

what occurs in phase 3?

A

potassium is moved out of the cell

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37
Q

what occurs in phase 4?

A

return to resting membrane potential

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38
Q

what does the p wave represent?

A

atrial depolarization; atrial contraction

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39
Q

what does the PR interval represent?

A

the difference in time from the onset atrial activation (contraction/depolarization) to the onset of ventricular activation (contraction/depolarization)

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40
Q

what is the normal time frame during the PR interval?

A

0.12–0.20

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41
Q

what does the QRS complex represent?

A

sum of all ventricular muscle depolarization

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42
Q

what is the ST interval?

A

the entire ventricular myocardium depolarized

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43
Q

what is the QT interval?

A

the electrical systole of the ventricles

44
Q

what is the normal rate for the SA node to depolarize?

A

60–100 bpm

45
Q

if the SA node is damaged, what node will take over next?

A

The AV node

46
Q

what is the normal rate for the AV node to depolarize?

A

40–60 bpm

47
Q

sympathetic stimulation causes calcium to do what?

A

The increased influx of calcium cause increased contractile strength, heart rate goes up or electrical impulses are faster

48
Q

where do the efferent sympathetic fibers originate from?

A

they originate from the thoracic spinal cord and branch into the superior middle and inferior cardiac nerves

49
Q

parasympathetic (Vagus) activity causes the release of what?

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

what effect does acetylcholine have on the heart?

A

decreases heart rate, slows conduction through the AV node, reduces strength of contraction

51
Q

beta 1 receptors are found where?

A

in the heart/conduction system

52
Q

beta 2 receptor are found where?

A

in the heart and smooth muscle

53
Q

stimulation of beta 2 receptors causes what?

A

vasodilation and increases coronary blood flow (because of the location of receptors over smooth muscle)

54
Q

stimulation of beta 3 receptors causes what?

A

opposes the effects of beta 1 and beta 2 receptors and decreases myocardial contractility (negative inotropic effect)

55
Q

what is a negative inotropic effect?

A

decrease in cardiac contractility

56
Q

stimulation of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors causes what?

A

smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction

57
Q

stimulation of alpha 2 adrenergic receptor causes what?

A

promotes vasodilation

58
Q

chronotropic (chronotropy) refers to what?

A

heart rate

59
Q

inotropy refers to what?

A

heart contractility

60
Q

name 3 calcium channel blockers

A

nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem

61
Q

what channel is affected by the calcium channel blockers?

A

The L-type or long-lasting channels are predominant and are blocked by calcium channel blocking drugs

62
Q

what is the action of calcium channel blockers?

A

DECREASES STRENGTH OF CARDIAC CONTRACTILIY

63
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

HR multiplied by stroke volume

64
Q

what is a normal cardiac output?

A

5 L/min

65
Q

what is ejection fraction?

A

the amount of blood the ventricles eject per beat

66
Q

what are 4 factors that affect cardiac output directly?

A

Preload, afterload, myocardial contractility, and heart rate

67
Q

what is afterload?

A

the resistance to eject blood from the ventricle

68
Q

low aortic pressures , do what to the heart and afterload?

A

decrease afterload and enable the heart to contract more rapidly

69
Q

high aortic pressure do what to the heart and afterload?

A

increase afterload and slow contraction and cause high workload against the heart

70
Q

increased aortic pressure is usually the result of increased what?

A

systemic vascular resistance

71
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood ejected per beat during systole

72
Q

Excessive increase in preload has what affect on stroke volume?

A

decreased stroke volume

73
Q

what are the two most important endogenous inotropic agents?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

74
Q

what do inotropic agents affect?

A

contractility of the heart

75
Q

what is the most important negative inotropic agent?

A

acetylcholine which is released from the Vagus nerve

76
Q

lack of oxygen (hypoxia) has what effect on contractility?

A

leads to decreased contractility

77
Q

low temperature has what affect on the heart?

A

bradycardia

78
Q

increase temperature has what affect on the heart?

A

can increase heart rate

79
Q

In respiratory inspiration, what happens with the heart rate?

A

the heart rate goes up

80
Q

in respiratory expiration, what happens with the heart?

A

the heart rate goes down

81
Q

what area of the brain regulates temperature in CV response?

A

hypothalamus (hypothalamic)

82
Q

what are of the brain regulates/adjust CV reaction to emotional states?

A

the cerebral cortex

83
Q

what area of the brain regulates heart rate and blood pressure?

A

medulla oblongata

84
Q

the resting heart rate is under the control of what ANS?

A

parasympathetic (Vagus) stimulation

85
Q

what are the 2 baroreceptors located?

A

aortic arch and carotid arteries

86
Q

dysfunction in baroreceptors can result in what?

A

postural hypotension which is associated with aging

87
Q

baroreflex can reduce high blood pressure through neural impulses from what 2 cranial nerves?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve from the carotid and Vagus nerve from the aorta

88
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide has what affect?

A

has a diuretic and natriuretic (salt excretion) prosperities which decrease blood volume and pressure

89
Q

Norepinephrine does what to heart, contractility, and blood vessels?

A

increases heart rate, enhances contractility, and constricts blood vessels

90
Q

epinephrine dilates vessels of the liver and skeletal muscles and does what to myocardial contractility?

A

increases myocardial contractility

91
Q

which thyroid hormone increases heart rate and contractility resulting in an increase in cardiac output and decreases systemic vascular resistance?``

A

triiodothyronine (T3)

92
Q

the key vasoconstrictor hormones include: (4)

A

angiotensin II, vasopressin (ADH), epinephrine, and norepinephrine

93
Q

what is ADM?

A

adrenomedullin; a VASODILATING peptide

94
Q

Vasopressin and Aldosterone affect BP by

A

increasing blood volume through the influence on fluid reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid in the kidney

95
Q

what is the end product of the RAAS?

A

aldosterone

96
Q

what are the vasodilator hormones?

A

ANP, BNP, CNP, urodilatin

97
Q

what are the functions of the vasodilator homrones?

A

they function as both vasodilators and regulators of sodium and water excretion

98
Q

increased BNP level predicts what?

A

a poor outcome in Heart failure (also PE, valvular disease, and chronic CAD)

99
Q

what is flow-mediated dilation (FMD) test used for?

A

to evaluate endothelial function and predict risk for CV disease

100
Q

nitric oxide (NO) has what kind of properties?

A

maintains vascular homeostasis, vascular dilator tone, regulation of local cell growth, and protects the vessel

101
Q

describe prostacylcin

A

it is a vasodilator; has antithrombotic properties (opposes clot formation)

102
Q

what is Nattokinase?

A

it is an enzyme found in natoo–traditional food made of soybeans fermented with bacillus subtilis

103
Q

Nattokinsae intake can reduce the risk of what in humans?

A

thrombosis

104
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood moved by the heart in 1 minute

105
Q

what is the normal range for cardiac output?

A

normal range is 4 to 8 liters

106
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

the amount of blood ejected by the LEFT VENTRICLE during systole

Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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