Immunity Flashcards
What is prevalence?
The number of people in the community who have the condition at or during a particular time.
Disease burden
What is incidence?
It refers to the number of new individuals who developed a disease during a particular time
How do you calculate incidence?
The number of new cases divided by persons at risk times 1000
of new cases/ persons at risk then multiply by 1000
What is morbidity?
The number of cases of a disease
What is mortality?
The number of deaths due to a disease
What are nosocomial diseases?
Diseases acquired in hospital settings
What is a zoonotic disease?
A disease that occurs when a pathogen is transferred from animal to human
Example is rabies
Rickettsia rickettsii Can cause what?
They can cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, transmitted through the bite of ticks
Bordelaise burgdorferi Is a bacteria that causes what?
It can cause Lyme disease, transmitted to humans to a bite from an infected black legged or deer tick.
Legionella pneumophila Causes what
Legionnaires disease; a bacteria amoebae in moist location (like water cooling towers)
What are the five periods of a disease?
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence period.
What happens in the prodromal stage of a disease?
This occurs after the incubation period, the host begins to experience signs and symptoms of illness.
What happens during the period of convalescence?
Patient generally returns to normal functions
What are latent disease examples?
Tuberculosis and chicken pox also called varicella zoster virus
What is an epidemic?
A disease that affects a large number of people within a community population or region
What is a pandemic?
An epidemic that has spread over multiple countries or continents
What is an endemic?
A disease constantly present in a specific location.
Example: malaria in Africa, hiv in US
Name a couple of gram-positive a aerobes
Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus Epidermidis, So streptococcus pneumonia, streptococcus pyogens, Enterococcus faecalis, Cornybacterium Diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Asked what do all these have in common: need oxygen because of aerobes
What are some gram-positive anaerobes?
Mainly to look at for reviews
Clostridium perfringes, clostridium botulinum, actinomyces sp.
Name some of the Graham negative aerobes?
Mainly for review
Escherichia coil, Neisseria Gonorrhea, gardnerella vaginalis, harmophilus influenzae, bordetella pertussis, moraxella catatrhalis, Enterobacter sp, klebsiella sp, salmonella sp, brucellosis sp,
Chlamydia trichomatis
Review Graham negative anaerobes
Bactericides fragility, bacteroides sp, fusobacterium sp
What is the difference between a PAMP and a DAMP?
A pamp’s molecular pattern is associated with pathogenic microorganisms.
A damp’s molecular pattern is associated with injured or stressed host cells.
Describe innate immunity
Nonspecific
One cell defends against many different types of antigens
Describe adaptive immunity
Specific
One cell will defend Against only one particular antigen
What do opsonins do?
They mark antigens for destruction by innate immune cells
What is Suppurative exudate similar to
Purulent exudate
What is the normal range for a white blood cells?
5000 to 10,000
Immature neutrophils called bands are stabs may equal to how much of the total white blood cell count?
5%
What composes the absolute neutrophil count?
Usually 70% of the total wbc
Mature neutrophils plus the number of bands or stabs
What is shift to the left referred to us?
A rise in neutrophil count, the absolute neutrophil count is greater than 70% of the white blood cell count.
What is neutropenia?
When the absolute neutrophil count is less than 2000
Mild neutropenia: 1000-2000
Moderate neutropenia: 500-1000
Severe neutropenia: 500 cells less than —Agranulocytosis
What drugs can lower the white blood cell count?
Dilantin, Tegretol, chemotherapy drugs for cancer, immuno suppressive agents for organ anti- rejection, phenytoin
What is aplastic anemia?
Aplastic=All
Reduces the production of all blood cell types
Basophils are also called what kind of cells?
Mast cells
Basophils can secrete what chemicals involved in inflammation ?
Heparin, bradykinin, histamine
What immunoglobulin is attached to mast cells?
IgE
What are the two functions of eosinophils?
- ) respond to parasitic infections
2. ) neutralize mast cell reaction of histamine to prevent damage of healthy tissue
What are the two types of T cells? Associated with cellular immunity
Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
CD4+ helper
CD8+ cytotoxic
B cells provide what type of immunity?
It provides humoral immunity; B cells are memory cells (think humoral is memory because it has an M in it)
T cells provide what type of immunity?
Cellular mediated immunity
B cells or plasma cells make what?
Antibodies
How many immunoglobulins are there?
Five
What do natural killer cells do?
They can stimulate Apoptosis A.k.a. programmed Cell death, it can activate without an antigen. Helps limit the spread of viruses within the body tissues
What type of cell is a natural killer cell?
A lymphocyte
Monocytes can become what type of cells?
Macrophages
What Is the function of macrophages?
They can Ingest or digest and process foreign antigens
Macrophages secrete what chemical mediator?
Cytokines (chemical mediator of inflammation )
Interleukin six is a chemical mediator That causes what
Fatigue and malaise when a person experiences an infection
What is lymphocytosis? What does this indicate?
Elevated lymphocyte count;
It indicates an infection is to be more of a viral infection versus bacterial.
What is lymphopenia?
Low lymphocyte count
Lymphocytes are the white cells that are the heart of what type of immunity?
Adaptive immunity
Where are gamma and Delta cells found?
Found in the skin and G.I. mucosa
Dendritic cells are what type of cells?
Antigen presenting cells
What does pamps stand for?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
Dendritic cells have surface receptors that recognize what?
Pamps
What are pamps?
They are surface molecules that help the dendritic cells distinguish pathogens from host cells
Dendritic cells are critical to initiating what type of immunity?
Innate immunity also nonspecific immunity
What are the three cells of innate immunity
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils (granulocytes)
What are the signs of inflammation, there are five
Heat, redness, pain, swelling or edema, And loss of function
What is adaptive immunity?
It is the immunity a person acquires and response from specific antigen throughout life, it is acquired, specific immunity.
What are the cells involved in adaptive immunity? There are mainly two but also another one
B lymphocytes And T
lymphocytes
Also antigen presenting cells
What is an epitope?
It is a functional Structure on an antibody that recognizes a specific antigen.
They help identify and tag a particular antigen for Destruction
What is opsin function in antibodies?
Antibody coating, It enhances the ability of Phagocytes to bind to the antigen to eat or ingest it
What is the complement system?
Proteins that coat microbes in damaged cells, Marking them for destruction and clearance by phagocytic cells
What is the alternative pathway?
Protects Against pathogens that are unfamiliar to the host which can’t evoke specific antibodies
What is the classical pathway?
It requires the host to have her prior exposure to specific organism to develop specific antibodies to initiate the process
What are the five Immunoglobulins?
IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD
What is important to know about
IgM?
It is the largest of the Immunoglobulins—macroglobulin.
It is the first antibody That is produced in response to an antigen.
What kind of test detects immunoglobulin M?
Torch testing
Just extra info: Can detect antibodies to toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpes, cytomegalovirus
Describe immunoglobulin G
Crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus
Activates the classic pathway of the complement cascade
Hi responsibility for neutralizing bacteria and promoting phagocytosis
Describe immunoglobulin A
Has antibodies in external body cavities
(Ask for examples: mucous, sweat, tears, bile, colostrum, intestinal tract, eyes)
Helps provide passive immunity to nursing infants Through breastmilk
Describe immunoglobulin D
Unclear function, associated with B lymphocytes.
Maybe involved in differentiating B lymphocytes into mature plasma and memory cells
Think BD
Describe Immunoglobulin E
Associated with mast cells or basophils
Responsible for Allergic or anaphylactic reactions
What 2 immunoglobulins or involved in the primary and secondary immune response
What happens specifically with these two in the 2nd immune response
Immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G
In the 2nd immune response, the igG will overtake IgM
Describe active immunity
A person is exposed to an antigen or get sick. They make their own immunoglobulins
Antibodies made after exposure to an infection is an example of what type of immunity active or passive?
Active immunity (natural)
Antibodies are made after getting a Vaccination,
Is this active or passive immunity?
(Artificially) active immunity
Descry passive immunity
People cannot make their own antibodies, they don’t have time to mount a full immune response
Antibodies receive from mom through breastmilk, is this an example of active or passive immunity
Passive immunity (natural)
Antibodies received from a medicine such as gamma globulin or an antibody infusion, Is an example of what type of immunity, active or passive?
Passive immunity (Artificial)
What is virulence
How easily the pathogen can cause disease
What is an example of a retrovirus
HIV
What is alloimmunity
A hypersensitivity reaction to tissues of another individual within the same specie.
Example would be immune reaction seen and liver kidney transplants
What type of immunoglobulin is involved in type one hypersensitivity reactions?
Immunoglobulin E
What are some examples of type one hypersensitivity reactions?
Anaphylaxis, can include allergic rhinitis, asthma eczema in hives
What is the timeframe for a type one hypersensitivity reaction
Begins within about 20 minutes peaks about half an hour
Hypersensitivity type on reactions may be treated with what type of medications?
Anti-histamine and mast cell stabilizers
Describe important facts about type 2 hypersensitivity reactions.
What are the two immunoglobulins involved in this reaction and give an example of This reaction
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity or tissue specific reactions.
The two antibodies included in this reaction are immunoglobulins M and G.
This will occur during a blood transfusion reaction.
This involves the classical pathway
Usually hours to a day for this reaction to occur
Describe type three hypersensitivity reactions
Referred to as immune complex mediated reactions
Immunoglobulins G & M form complexes to activate the compliment system
Occurs in serum sickness(tetanus antitoxin) and Arthus reactions
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity reactions
This is cell mediated response (delayed)
Driven by T lymphocytes (Cd4 and cd8)
May take two or three days to develop
Examples of type 4 for reactions: Skin test for Tb,
Contact allergic reactions like poison ivy, some auto immune diseases, autograph rejections
What is the cranial nerve that is associated with otitis media?
Vestibulocochlear nerve, cranial nerve 8
What causes this disease?
H. Influenzae, moraxella catarrholis, strep pneumonae, staphylococcus aureus, respiratory viruses,
What are predisposing risk factors for otitis media?
Allergies, adenoid hypertrophy, sinusitis, cleft palate, day care, exposure to smoke, immune deficiency
Otitis media is what type of infection
Acute infection