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Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diaphysis have a bone and what is it made out of?

A

The shaft of a bone and it is made out of compact or cortical bone

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2
Q

What is the metaphysis and what type of bone is it made of?

What does it contain?

A

It’s the flared region toward the end of the bone, mostly made out of spongy bone or Cancellous bone.

It contains red marrow

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3
Q

What is the epiphysis and what does it contain in children and in adults?

A

The end of the bone.

In children it contains red marrow and in adults it is yellow marrow

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4
Q

What is the Periosteum?

A

It’s a fibrous layer covering the bone, it contains blood vessels and nerves

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5
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They form new bone using type one collagen and proteoglycans.

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6
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They reabsorb (breakdown) bone during growth and repair.

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7
Q

What are the three processes for bone remodeling?

A

Activation, resorption, and formation

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8
Q

What are the five processes for healing fractures or bone repair?

A

Hematoma formation, pro callus formation, callus formation, callous replacement, and remodeling.

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9
Q

What is a joint?

A

An area where two or more bones meet

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10
Q

What is a ligament?

A

It binds to bones together

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11
Q

What is tendon?

A

It binds muscle to bone

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12
Q

What is bursa?

A

It’s a small pouch line with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

It lubricates and cushions to protect structures

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13
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Temporary displacement of two bones with total loss of surface contact

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14
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Contact of two bone surfaces are partially lost

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15
Q

What type of ossification develops the skull and flat bones?

A

Intramembranous ossification.

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16
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A

Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that develop cartilage and allows formation of osteocytes

Long bones are made this way

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17
Q

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

A

206

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18
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

this consist of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax

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19
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

20
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Myoblasts; stem muscle cells

21
Q

What is Syndactyly?

A

Webbing of the fingers

22
Q

What is vestigial tabs?

A

Extra digit or finger, best removed during immediate neonatal period

23
Q

Simple webbing should be corrected when?

Complex syndactyly should be corrected when?

A

Simple—6 months to 1 year

Complex—1-2 years or before preschool

24
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

A congenital dislocation of the hip, usually involves the proximal femur, acetabellum or both.

25
Q

What are the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

First pregnancy, breech position, oligohydraminos (low amniotic fluid)

26
Q

What is a subluxated hip?

A

Maintains contact with the acetabulum but is not well seated in the hip joint.

Remember subluxation is partial contact between two bones

27
Q

What are the three types of Equinovarus (club foot) deformity?

Think PIT

A

Positional—easily fixed

Idiopathic—castings required, w/Achilles tendon procedure

Teratologic—surgical correction

28
Q

What muscle is involved in club foot or equinovarus?

A

Metatarsus adductus

29
Q

Describe a complete fracture

A

The integrity of the bone is broken into two pieces, there is a separation between the bone

30
Q

Describe an incomplete fracture

A

Bone is broken but it is still in one piece

31
Q

Describe a compound fracture

A

There is a break in the skin area of the fracture

32
Q

A compound fracture is also called what?

A

An open fracture

33
Q

A closed fracture is also called what?

A

A simple fracture

34
Q

Describe a closed fracture?

A

There is no break in the surrounding skin

35
Q

Describe a linear fracture

A

This fracture runs parallel to the long axis to the bone

36
Q

Describe a spiral fracture

A

Fracture that encircles the bone

37
Q

Describe an oblique fracture

A

A slanted fracture in the shaft of the bone

38
Q

Describe a transverse fracture

A

A fracture that occur straight across the bone

39
Q

Describe a comminuted fracture

A

The bone breaks into more than two fragments

40
Q

Describe a greenstick fracture

A

It splinters the spongy bone, similar to a tree branch when it’s Bent sharply

41
Q

Describe a transchondral fracture

A

Fragmentation and separation of a portion of the articular cartilage at a joint

42
Q

What is reduction of a bone?

A

Correcting the anatomic position through manipulation of the bone to realign it with bone fragments

43
Q

What is non-union?

A

Failure of the bone ends to grow together, occurs in compound(open) fractures

44
Q

What is malunion?

A

Healing of a bone in a non-anatomic position

45
Q

What is an avulsion?

A

A complete separation from either a tendon or ligament from it’s bony attachment

Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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