Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the diaphysis have a bone and what is it made out of?
The shaft of a bone and it is made out of compact or cortical bone
What is the metaphysis and what type of bone is it made of?
What does it contain?
It’s the flared region toward the end of the bone, mostly made out of spongy bone or Cancellous bone.
It contains red marrow
What is the epiphysis and what does it contain in children and in adults?
The end of the bone.
In children it contains red marrow and in adults it is yellow marrow
What is the Periosteum?
It’s a fibrous layer covering the bone, it contains blood vessels and nerves
What do osteoblasts do?
They form new bone using type one collagen and proteoglycans.
What do osteoclasts do?
They reabsorb (breakdown) bone during growth and repair.
What are the three processes for bone remodeling?
Activation, resorption, and formation
What are the five processes for healing fractures or bone repair?
Hematoma formation, pro callus formation, callus formation, callous replacement, and remodeling.
What is a joint?
An area where two or more bones meet
What is a ligament?
It binds to bones together
What is tendon?
It binds muscle to bone
What is bursa?
It’s a small pouch line with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
It lubricates and cushions to protect structures
What is dislocation?
Temporary displacement of two bones with total loss of surface contact
What is subluxation?
Contact of two bone surfaces are partially lost
What type of ossification develops the skull and flat bones?
Intramembranous ossification.
Describe endochondral ossification
Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that develop cartilage and allows formation of osteocytes
Long bones are made this way
How many bones are in the human skeleton?
206
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80 bones
this consist of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
What are satellite cells?
Myoblasts; stem muscle cells
What is Syndactyly?
Webbing of the fingers
What is vestigial tabs?
Extra digit or finger, best removed during immediate neonatal period
Simple webbing should be corrected when?
Complex syndactyly should be corrected when?
Simple—6 months to 1 year
Complex—1-2 years or before preschool
What is developmental dysplasia of the hip?
A congenital dislocation of the hip, usually involves the proximal femur, acetabellum or both.
What are the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip?
First pregnancy, breech position, oligohydraminos (low amniotic fluid)
What is a subluxated hip?
Maintains contact with the acetabulum but is not well seated in the hip joint.
Remember subluxation is partial contact between two bones
What are the three types of Equinovarus (club foot) deformity?
Think PIT
Positional—easily fixed
Idiopathic—castings required, w/Achilles tendon procedure
Teratologic—surgical correction
What muscle is involved in club foot or equinovarus?
Metatarsus adductus
Describe a complete fracture
The integrity of the bone is broken into two pieces, there is a separation between the bone
Describe an incomplete fracture
Bone is broken but it is still in one piece
Describe a compound fracture
There is a break in the skin area of the fracture
A compound fracture is also called what?
An open fracture
A closed fracture is also called what?
A simple fracture
Describe a closed fracture?
There is no break in the surrounding skin
Describe a linear fracture
This fracture runs parallel to the long axis to the bone
Describe a spiral fracture
Fracture that encircles the bone
Describe an oblique fracture
A slanted fracture in the shaft of the bone
Describe a transverse fracture
A fracture that occur straight across the bone
Describe a comminuted fracture
The bone breaks into more than two fragments
Describe a greenstick fracture
It splinters the spongy bone, similar to a tree branch when it’s Bent sharply
Describe a transchondral fracture
Fragmentation and separation of a portion of the articular cartilage at a joint
What is reduction of a bone?
Correcting the anatomic position through manipulation of the bone to realign it with bone fragments
What is non-union?
Failure of the bone ends to grow together, occurs in compound(open) fractures
What is malunion?
Healing of a bone in a non-anatomic position
What is an avulsion?
A complete separation from either a tendon or ligament from it’s bony attachment
