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Anatomy for Medical Physics > Neurological System > Flashcards

Neurological System Flashcards

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1
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives electrical signals FROM other neurons

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2
Q

Axon

A

Transmits electrical signal TO other neurons

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3
Q

Glial cells

A

Supporting cells for functioning of the brain. Three types in CNS are: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia. One in PNS is: Schwann Cell

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4
Q

Astrocytes

A

Looks like “stars” surrounding the capillaries of the brain. Nutrient supplier and toxin filter, forms tight junctions with the capillaries. The filtering property is referred to as “blood-brain barrier.”

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5
Q

Schwann cells

A

Forms supporting structure for nerves (unlike astrocytes, which is for capillary). Myelinated nerves have Schwann cells that wrap around the nerve outside the myelination, and un-myelinated nerves have Schwann cells that do not wrap, but simply support the nerve fiber.

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6
Q

Gray and white matter in terms of myelination

A

gray = no myelination, white = myelination

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7
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70mV, for neurons. Na-K pump maintains this -70mV difference. Na-K pump lets three Na out two K in, so net potential is negative.

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8
Q

Depolarization of neuron

A

Neuron gets excitory stimulus, and when enough signal causes sodium gates to open (and Na rushes in to depolarize) this occurs. +30mV is reached at the end of depolarization.

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9
Q

Repolarization of neuron

A

After depolarization, potassium gates open and K gets out to polarize the electrical system. Sodium gates close at the same time.

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10
Q

Hyperpolarization of neuron

A

After repolarization, potassium gates close and a brief moment where larger than 70mV voltage difference occurs.

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11
Q

Refractory period

A

Repolarization + hyperpolarization period is referred to as this, since no stimulus can cause the system to react. This period is also necessary to stop electrical signal from traveling the opposite way.

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12
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction occurs due to this structure. The myelin sheath prevents normal influx of Na+ and helps propagate signal more efficiently.

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13
Q

Chemical Synapse, Synaptic Cleft

A

Electrical signal causes release of chemicals (neurotransmitters) which travel through this

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14
Q

Role of Ca++ in Synapse

A

When action potential reaches the synaptic knob, calcium gates open and let calcium in. Vesicles containing neurotransmitter merge with synaptic knob, releasing the chemicals.

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Can be inhibitory or excitatory. K+/Cl- opening will hyperpolarize and thus inhibit. K+/Na+ opening will depolarize and thus excite. Either direct or second messenger stimulation of gated channels can occur.

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16
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A

Fluid-filled parts on the brain.

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17
Q

Sulcus, Gyrus

A

Respectively, parts of the brain that fold inward (valley), parts of the brain that fold outward (trough).

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18
Q

Cerebrum

A

Contains cortex and corpus callosum, the outer parts of the brain that we normally associate with folding.

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19
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains thalamus, pineal body, hypothalamus

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20
Q

Brain stem

A

Contains midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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21
Q

Four lobes of cerebrum

A

Frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal

22
Q

Superior frontal gyrus

A

Located in frontal lobe, located nearest to center and cuts frontal lobe in half vertically. Left and right brain both has superior frontal gyrus.

23
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe, cuts entire brain in half horizontally.

24
Q

Inferior temporal gyrus

A

Bottom left/right gyrus in brain in temporal lobe

25
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A

This gyrus borders frontal lobe from temporal robe

26
Q

Hippocampus

A

Spatial navigation, consolidation of short term memory to long term memory. Located near the midbrain, one on both sides of the brain

27
Q

Sylvian fissure

A

Fissure between temporal and frontal brain

28
Q

Precentral and Postcentraul Gyrus

A

Motor and sensory information processed (respectively), located near the central sulcus of the frontal brain. Called sensorimotor strip.

29
Q

Parieto-occipital fissure

A

Fissure between parietal and occipital lobes

30
Q

Calcarine fissure

A

Fissure in the occipital lobe responsible for visual information processing

31
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posture, coordination, timing/precision of movements

32
Q

Brainstem

A

Respiration, heart function, gastrointestinal motor. Conducts electricity from spinal cord to cerebral cortex. Includes pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain.

33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Involuntary functions of the heart, respiratory, and gastrointestinal

34
Q

Pons

A

Contain clusters of neurons (is a nuclei) that deal with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, eye movement, facial sensation, etc. Relays information between cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

35
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Located right below the cerebrum, curved shape. Habits, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, addiction, emotional response. Includes globus pallidus, putamen, caudate.

36
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Regulates voluntary movements, looks like a disk. Surrounds the thalamus.

37
Q

Putamen

A

Regulates voluntary movements, looks like a fruit on a branch (hence the name, from greek origins)

38
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Regulates voluntary movements, looks like a ring

39
Q

Thalamus

A

Regulates consciousness, sleep, alertness. Surrounds the mid-brain, two parts on left and right.

40
Q

Commissural, association, and projection fibers of the white matter

A

Respectively, axon fibers that connect one cerebral hemisphere to the other, connect one cerebral hemisphere to itself or the basal ganglia, and connect cerebrum and basal ganglia to the spinal cord.

41
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Part of the optic nerves that cross each other. Located below cerebrum, in front of midbrain. Can be seen as fibers behind eyes that cross like an X.

42
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Provides buoyancy to brain to prevent blocking of blood vessels, cushions cortex from damage, protects cortical neurons from toxins through cleansing of this

43
Q

CSF Flow

A

Generated in choroid plexus of lateral ventricle (the ventricle most near the center of the brain), into 3rd ventricle (below the lateral ventricle), then into 4th ventricle located way below 3rd ventricle. Flows through the rest of the brain below skull and below superior sagittal sinus, in subarachnoid space. Absorbed over time into venous blood of superior sagittal sinus.

44
Q

Aqueduct of Sylvius

A

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle, shows as small opening at the center of the brain in MRI scans.

45
Q

Brain coverings

A

From outside to inside, skull, dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater. Arachnoid is filled with spider-like projections.

46
Q

Spinal cord composition

A

White matter for communication with the brain, gray matter for reflex arc. Dorsal (back) and ventral (front) roots connect to spinal cord, conveys sensory and motor information, respectively (like how precentral gyrus is in front and controls motor, and how postcentral gyrus controls sensory).

47
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk that connects to pituitary gland

48
Q

Three types of three-neuron reflex arcs

A

Ipsilateral (motor and sensory from same side of the body), contraleteral (sensory ennervates motor on the other side of the body), intersegmental (sensory ennervates motor on different columns of spine)

49
Q

Locations of major autonomic pathways

A

Sympathetic: influences the body with nerves from the thoracic (upper five spines) and lumbar levels (bottom spines) of the spinal cord. Usually accompanied by ganglia parallel to the spine. Parasympathetic: influences the body with nerves from the brain stem (vagus nerves) and nerves from the sacral (“tail bone”) regions.

50
Q

Cranial X nerve

A

Another name for vagus nerve, which is primarily motor/sensory nerve for autonomic parasympathetic system.

Anatomy for Medical Physics (11 decks)

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