Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Left / Right Coronary Artery
Main artery that supplies blood to the heart, first to get blood from aorta.
Right coronary artery branch names
Posterior lateral artery and posterior descending artery.
Left coronary artery branch names
One branch: left circumflex artery and obtuse marginal artery; another branch: left anterior descending artery and diagonal artery
Branchiocephalic trunk
Supplies blood to head area, receives blood from left ventricle / aorta second (after coronary artery)
LAD, CIRC, PDCA are coronary arteries acroynms for?
Left anterior descending coronary artery (literally slightly left side of the heart in the front), circumplex artery (wraps around left heart towards posterior side, sometimes as far as PDCA), and posterior descending coronary artery.
Semilunar valve
Valves that connect ventricles to aorta / pulmonary trunk. Prevents back-flow of blood during diastole of ventricles.
Atrioventricular valve
Vales that connect atria to ventricles. Prevents back flow of blood into atria from ventricle during systole of ventricles.
Structure of heart wall
From inside wall: endocardium, myocardium (thickest layer, striated muscle), fatty tissue with veins/arteries, epicardium (thin visceral layer), then (a thin space) pericardium space, serous, fibrous pericardium.
Conduction system of heart
SA node (right superior heart), AV node (center of heart), bundle of His (branches from center of heart to tip of heart), and Purkinje fibers.
Mediastinum
Part of thorax that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes. Mediastinal lymph nodes are a frequent site of metastatic cancer.
Branchiocephalic trunk branches off into two arteries that supplies the upper body and right arm called what?
Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery. These stem from branchiocephalic trunk (note “clavian bone” is the protruding lateral bone near bottom of neck). Right subclavian also supplies upper vertebrae via vertebral artery.
Internal Jugular Vein / External Jugular Vein
Collects blood from brain, superficial part of face, and neck / exterior of brain, inner part of face, and neck
Circle of Willis
Located at the base of the brain, this structure provides ample and redundant blood supply to the brain. Interior carotid artery supplies blood to this. Anterior / posterior communicating arteries, middle / posterior cerebral arteries form this.
Three territories of blood supplies to brain
Posterior, anterior, and middle. Anterior/posterior/middle cerebral arteries supply each section.
List arteries form subclavian artery to fingertip
Subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery which branches to: radial and ulnar artery, then meets together as digital artery
What two arteries in hand connects ulnar and radial artery laterally so that blood supply is not cut off easily in the digits?
Deep palmer arch and superficial palmer arch
List arteries from ascending aorta to abdominal area
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta (supplies visceral/parietal thoracic area - bronchial, esophageal / intercoastal (supplies muscles between ribs), superior phrenic (supplies upper surface of diaphragm) artery), to abdominal aorta.
List arteries from abdominal aorta to femoral artery
Abdominal aorta, left/right common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery
Celiac trunk
This artery branches off of descending aorta right below diaphragm to supply blood to spleen and liver. It branches off into hepatic common artery (to liver) and splenic artery.
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
These arteries supply blood to the pancreas and the small and large intestines. They protrude out anteriorly from the abdominal aorta right below (~1cm) celiac trunk.
Hepatic portal vein
Blood from mesenteric region (colons, stomach, pancreas, spleen) ascend upward via this vein into the liver for detox.
DISTINCT FROM HEPATIC VEIN, which dumps blood into inferior vena cava
Cardiac cycle, starting from atrial systole
Atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole
Low pressure in vein and its implications
The vein is supplied with too little pressure, so veins have valves to prevent backflow. Also depends on voluntary muscles on legs (for ex.) for return of blood from lower part of body.
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Measurement of current through heart
Conduction pathway of electrical signals through heart
AV node -> SA node (atria contract) -> rest -> (RAPID) bundle of His -> (RAPID) Purkinje fibers (ventricles contract)
P wave
Positive electrical signal due to AV node sending depolarizing signal towards SA node for contraction of atria.
QRS complex
Negative (Q) to positive (R) to negative (S) signal due to SA node sending DEPOLARIZING rapid electrical currents through bundle of His and Purkinje fibers.
T wave
Positive electrical signal due to repolarization of the ventricles (relaxation of ventricles).
Baroreceptors for heart pressure
Located in both carotid arteries and ascending aorta, these send signals to brain if pressure is too low / high.
Vagus nerve
Parasympathetic nerve for heart, slows the activity of heart.
Basilar artery
Stems from Circle of Willis, supplies critical part of middle brain
Tricuspid valve
Right atrioventricular valve, three-part valve that is larger than the two-part mitral valve.
Hemocyanin
Copper-based protein that transports O2 in horseshoe crabs. Have green color, no hemoglobin for these.
