Endocrine and Genitourinary Systems Flashcards
Two hormone types, in terms of chemical composition
Steroid and nonsteriod
Five steroid hormones
Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testasterone
Four types of nonsteroid hormones
Proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, amino acid derivatives
Protein hormones
GH, PSH (parathyroid), prolactin, calcitonin, ACTH, insulin, glucagon
Glycoprotein hormones
FSH, LH, TSH
Peptide hormones
ADH, oxytocin, GnRH, MSH (melanocyte)
Animo acid hormones
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, iodinated amino acids
Pituitary gland
Located right below optic chiasma, also called hypophysis. Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) cannot make their own hormones but receive hormones from hypothalamus. Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) generates FLATPEG hormones once activated by hypothalamus.
Thyroid Hormone pathway
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) synthesized in hypothalamus, which stimulates anterior pituitary to generate TSH. TSH then stimulates T3/T4 production by thyroid gland.
Function of posterior pituitary gland
Releases vasopressin (fluid balance) and oxytocin (lactation and uterine contraction)
Breast ducts
Alveolus, ductule, duct, lactiferous duct, lactiferous sinus, in this order. Milk produced with prolactin stimulation from anterior pituitary and accumulated in lactiferous sinus with oxytoxin from posterior pituitary. Ca++ increased in blood by parathyroid.
Thyroid and parathyroid function
Releases calcitonin and parathyroid hormones, respectively. Builds up bone Ca++ and breaks down bone, respectively.
Renin-Angiotensin Hormone
Regulates blood pressure, lung and adrenal cortex control these hormone levels.
Pancreas
Releases insulin and glucagon (endocrine) to blood stream. Releases pancreatic enzymes for sugar and other biomolecule breakdown.
Position of kidneys
Right kidney is more inferior due to liver being on top of it. Located right below the last rib. This and ureters are located in the retroperitoneal space.
