Blood and Immune System

Question 1

Hematopoiesis

Answer 1

Process of generating blood cells

Question 2

Blood centrifugation will give:

Answer 2

55% plasma, 45% formed elements. Plasma: 7% is proteins, 91% is water. Formed elements: platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes. Leukocytes: 60% neutrophiles, 20% lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. 5 liter total is Total Blood Volume (TBV)

Question 3

Hemocytoblast

Answer 3

Stem cell for blood, differentiates to red blood cells, basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelets.

Question 4

Granulocytes

Answer 4

Basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

Question 5

Agranulocytes

Answer 5

Lymphocyte, monocyte

Question 6

Anemia

Answer 6

Lack of red blood cell, hematocrit < 42%

Question 7

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

Answer 7

Average volume of one RBC, about 90 fL

Question 8

Recycling of hemoglobin

Answer 8

After 120 days, RBC are processed in liver. Hemoglobin is divided into heme and globin. Heme is recycled for Fe, rest of heme is used for bile production for gall bladder.

Question 9

Kidney’s response to hypoxemia

Answer 9

Kidney can detect decrease in pressure of oxygen in the blood and respond with erythropoietin (which increases hematocrit)

Question 10

Clotting cascade

Answer 10

Thrombin and fibrin cross-link in this cascade. Vitamin K made in the liver is an important activator of this cascade. Skin damage is overseen by intrinsic pathway and trauma by extrinsic. Factor 7 and 8 involved in X-linked hemophilia and intrinsic pathway. Factor 9 involved in chromosome 13 hemophilia and extrinsic pathway.

Question 11

Negative feedback to clotting cascade

Answer 11

To prevent clotting of blood in other parts than the affected part, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) activates plasmin, which dissolves clots.

Question 12

First, second, and third lines of defense in immune system

Answer 12

1st. Mechanical and chemical barriers, 2nd. Inflammation and phagocytosis, 3rd. Antibodies and cytotoxic T-cells

Question 13

Primary sites of macrophage activity in body

Answer 13

Spleen, liver, lung, intestinal wall, and circulating blood

Question 14

B-cell and T-cell

Answer 14

B-cell made from stem cell in bone, T-cell made from stem cell in thymus. B-cell produces specific antibodies (final form plasma cell) while T-cell can be cytotoxic.

Question 15

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE

Answer 15

Classes of antibodies. IgM is for immediate reaction by plasma cells. IgA produced in mucus. IgG circulates blood. For allergic reactions, IgE.