Neurological Alterations Flashcards
What causes these
Decrease LOC
HA
Vomiting
Pressure on RAS
Stretch of vessels
Pressure on emetic center
Why do pupils dialate in increased ICP
Pressure on CN III
What do you need for mannitol (OSMOTIC diuretics)
FILTER tubing
What other meds can you use for increased ICP
Steroids (dexamethasone) (tumors), antiseizure meds (phyenytonin)
What are the causes of hydrocephalus
Communicating and non-communicating, increased fluid produciton, acute trauma
What is communicating hydrocephalus
Bad REABSORPTION
What is non-communicating
OBSTRUCITION of CSF flow
What is the treatment of hydrocephalus
Ventricular-peritoneal VP shunt
What are the three different types of head treuma
Deformation, acceleration, deceleration
What is deforemation trauma
Deformaiton of skull
Ex. fracture, penetrating injury, GSW
What is an acceleration trauma
IMMOBILE head struck with a moving object
COUP, damage right at the sight
What is COUP
Acceleration, BASEBALL hurts right in that area of the brain
What is deceleration
Head is moving and hits somehting that is still, CONTRECOUP, hurts on opposite
What is CONTRECOUP
The opposite area is hurt because the brain goes and hits the back, DECELERATION
What are we worried about in brain truama
Tear in dura leading the CSF leak
Tell me about a depressed skull fracture
Palpable, fragments may damage brain further, SURGERY
Tell me about a basilar skill fracture
Frontal and temporal lobes
BATTLE SIGN and RACCOON EYES
What is a linear skill fracture
Thin lines usally does not need anything
What causes a concussion
Sudden movement of the brain
What is a concussion
No break in skull or dura
What are the S+S of a concussion
HA, dizzy, N+V, ratrograde amnesia
What causes a contusion
TORN blood VESSELS that result in hemorrhage and bruising
What do contusions lead to
Edema and increased ICP
What is a transient ischemic attack (TIAS)
Can happen once or in series, TEMPORARY reduction in blood flow to the brain
What is the pathophysiology of TIA
partial occlusion, small embolus, spasm, loos of autoregulation
What are teh S+S of a TIA
Intermittent SHORT epidose of impaired funtion, WEAKNESS, NUMBNESS in face, ASPASIA, related to location
What another name for cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)
Stroke
What is a stroke
Occlusion of a brain vessle or repture
What is the time of ischemia to cause irreversible nerve cell damage
5 mins
What are the three types of CVAs
Occlusion, obstruction, hemorrhage
Tell me abou tan occlusive CVA
Develop in LARGE arteries, ATHEROMA
Sudden OBSTRUCTION
EMBOLUS, lodging in artery
Tell me about hemorrhage CVA
HTN causes rupture, effect BOTH hemisphers
What does the S+S of CVAs depend on
Location of obstruction
What is the assessment for stroke
NIHSS
What is the treatment for strokes
CLOT-busting, SURGERY, glucococritcoids, supportice
What does left brain damage cause
Speech, slow, lauguage, distress about the disability
What does right brain damage cause
spatial deficits, quick, peroframance deficits, indifference to disability
What causes parkinson’s disease
Imbalance between DOPAMINE and ACH
Is there a cure for parkinson’s
No
What are S+S for parkinson’s
DYSKINESIAS, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, depression, psychosis
What TRAP mean
Parkinson’s
tremor, rigidity, akinesia, posture
Talk more about the pathopysiology of parkonsins
Degeneration of dopamine nerous cause Ach to cause lots of GABA leading to the motor issues
What are the therapeutic goals for parkinson’s
Improve ADLS
What are the drug therapies for parkinson’s disease
Dopaminergic agents, dipamine agonist, antichiolinergic agents
What is multiple sclerosis
Progressive demyelination of neurons
What does MS cause
motor, sensory and autonomic fibers
What is the path of MS
AUTOIMMUNE disorder damages the CNS
What are the S+S of MS
Numbness, tingling, fatigue, spaspms, weakness, vision issues, pain, walking issues
What are the drugs for disease-modifying therapy for MS
Immuno-modulators/suppressants
What are the drugs for treating an acute episode for MS
Glucocorticoid, gamma globulin
