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Pathopharm: Spring > Alterations in Pulmonary Function > Flashcards

Alterations in Pulmonary Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are three upper respiratory disorders

A

Common COLD, ACUTE/ALLERGIC RHINITIS

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2
Q

What is acute rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes

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3
Q

What is the contagious period of the common cold

A

1-4 days before symptoms and the next 3 days

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4
Q

What is the transmission of the common cold

A

Droplet

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5
Q

What are the S+S of the common cold

A

Congestion, cough, secretions

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6
Q

What are the treatments for the common cold

A

Decongestants, antitussives, antihistamines, glucocorticoids

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7
Q

What do antihistamines do

A

Decrease inflamation and secretions

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8
Q

What is sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of sinuses

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9
Q

What is the treatment of sinusitis

A

Decongestant, acetaminophen, fluids, rest, antibiotics

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10
Q

What is acute pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the throat (sore throat)

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11
Q

Treatments for acute pharyngitis

A

Saline gargles, lozenges, increased fluid intake, acetaminophen, ABX (STREP)

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12
Q

Is the flu upper or lower respiratory tract

A

Upper

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13
Q

What type of infection is the flu

A

Viral

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14
Q

What are the types of flu

A

A (most common), B, and C

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15
Q

What are the S+S of the flu

A

SUDDEN, FEVER, FATIGUE, ACHING pain

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16
Q

What can commonly occur with the flu

A

2nd infections, Ex. pneumonia

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17
Q

What are the two antiviral drugs

A

Amantadina, Oseltamivir

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18
Q

Is COPD upper or lower respiratory

A

Lower

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19
Q

What is COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A GROUP of disorders including- EMPKYSEMA, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA

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20
Q

What does COPD cause

A

Irreversible and progressive damage to the lungs

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21
Q

What does COPD do to the airway

A

OBSTRUCTS and increases RESISTANCE

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22
Q

What can people with emphysema not do well

A

Exhale

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23
Q

What are the contributing factors of emphysema

A

GENES, SMOKING

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24
Q

What does the breakdown of alveolar walls result in in emphysema

A

Loss of SA and ELASTICITY, NARROWED airways

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25
Q

What happens when people with emphysema exhale

A

They can’t get the air out so it over-INFLATES, causing a BARREL CHEST

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26
Q

What happens to the body with emphysema

A

HYPOXIA drive, frequent INFECTIONS

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27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema

A

Prolonged EXPIRATORY phase, BARREL chest, FATIGUE, WEIGHT loss, CLUBBED fingers

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28
Q

What are the treatments of emphysema

A

VACCINES, PURSED LIP BREATHING, NURTITION, O2 threapy

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29
Q

What is the highest you can put the O2 at for COPD pts

A

4L/ min

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30
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

Bronchial INFLAMMATION and excessive MUCUS production

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31
Q

What are the causes of chronic bronchitis

A

SMOKING, INFECTIONS, ENVIROMENT

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32
Q

What are the S+S of chronic bronchitis

A

Constant PRODUCTIVE COUGH, increased breathing, SOB, THICK SECRETIONS, low O2 levels, DYSPNEA, FATIGUE (not getting enough O2 to the body)

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33
Q

What causes the increase in mucos

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucous glands

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34
Q

What are the treatments for chronic bronchitis

A

Stop smoking, EXPECTORANTS, BRONCHODILATORS

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35
Q

What is asthma

A

INFLAMMATORY disorder of the airway walls associated with airway OBSTRUCTION caused by TRIGGERS

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36
Q

What happens to the bronchi and bronchioles in asthma

A

INFLAMMATION, BRONCHOCONSTRICTION, increased SECRETION

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37
Q

What are the S+S of asthma

A

TIGHTNESS in chest, WHEEZING, rapid and LABORED breathing, THICK MUCUS, PULSUS PARADOXUS,

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38
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus

A

Pulse differs on inspiration and expiration

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39
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation

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40
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis

A

Air trapping

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41
Q

What can respiratory failure lead to

A

Decreased responsivensess, and cyanosis

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42
Q

What is status astmaticus

A

Persistent severe attack of astme, does NOT RESPOND to usual therapy, EMERGENCY

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43
Q

What are the general treatment measures for asthma

A

Avoidance of triggers, good vantilation, maintence inhalers or drugs

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44
Q

What are the treament options for acute asthma attacks

A

Bronchodilators, glucocorticoids

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45
Q

How to use a nebulizer

A

Sit UPRIGHT, SLOW DEEP breathes, CLEAN, stop when chamber is empty

46
Q

What are some examples of lower respiratory tract infection

A

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, SARS, histoplasmosis (fungal), anthrax

47
Q

What is bronchiolitis caused by

48
Q

How is bronchiolitis transmitted

49
Q

What does bronchiolitis cause

A

Necrosis and inflammation in small cronchi

50
Q

What are the S+S of bronchiolitis

A

Wheezing, dyspnea, rapid shallow breathes, rales, retractions, fever

51
Q

What is the treatment for bronchiolitis

A

Supportive and symp;tomatic

52
Q

How is pnuemonia classified

A

The causative agent, Ex. viral, bacterial, fungal
Nococomial or Community-acquired

53
Q

What is bacterial pneumonia usally caused by

54
Q

What can happen to bacterial pneumonia

A

Spread to pleural cavity and become EMPYEMA

55
Q

What are the S+S of bacterial (lobar) pnueumonia

A

Rusty sputum, sudden, dyspnea, tachypnea/cardia, pleural pain, rales, confusion

56
Q

What is bronchopneumonia

A

Infection in BOTH lungs

57
Q

What are the S+S of bronchopneumonia

A

Fever, productive cough (purulent), rales

58
Q

How do you treat bronchopneumonia

59
Q

What does the thing that causes legionnaires disease thrive

A

Warm, moist environemtns, nosocomial infection

60
Q

What’s weird about legionnaires disaese

A

Difficult to identify

61
Q

How is primary atypical pneumonia transmitted and what are the S+S

A

Aerosol, caused by the FLU, UNPRODUCTIVE COUGH

62
Q

How is SARS transmissed

63
Q

What are the later signs of SARS

A

DRY cough, dyspnea, congestion, hypoxia

64
Q

What are the treatments for SARS

A

Antivirals, glucocoritcoids

65
Q

What are the risk factors for SARS

A

TRAVEL, CONTECT

66
Q

What is histoplasmosis

A

Fungal infection

67
Q

What are the S+S of histoplasmosis and what is the treatment

A

Cough, fever, NIGHT SWEATS, antifungal meds

68
Q

What is anthrax

A

BACTERIAL SPORES

69
Q

What are the S+S of anthrax

A

Fever, chills, DOB, sweats, aches

70
Q

What is the treatment for anthrax

A

Ciprofloxacin

71
Q

What is a resticictive lung diseases

A

Decrease in total lung capcity due to fluid accumulation and loss of elasticity of lung tissues, PULMONARY EDEMA

72
Q

What causes pulmonary edema

A

Heart filure, lymphatic obstruction, increased capillary permeability

73
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema

A

Pink, frothy sputum, othopnea

74
Q

What are the tratments of pulmonary edema

A

O2, solve the causitive issue

75
Q

What is a pulmonary embolus

A

Blood clot ore mass that obsturcts pulmonary artery, DVT

76
Q

What are the S+S of a small emboli in the lungs

A

Chest PAIN, DYSPNEA

77
Q

What are the S+S of a larger emboli in the lungs

A

Chest PAIN, DYSPNEA SUDDENLY, HEMOPTYSIS

78
Q

What are the S+S of a massive emboli in the lungs

A

SEVERE CRUSHING CHEST PAIN, LOC

79
Q

What are some PE preventions

A

Teaching before surgery, SCDs, stockings, exercise, anticoagulant drugs

80
Q

What is the treatment of PE

A

BED REST, put a FILTER into the vena cava, HEPARIN, body will break it down

81
Q

What are some examples of an obstructive lung diseases

A

Cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, aspiration, obstructive sleep apnea, asthma

82
Q

What is pleural effusion

A

Lungs can’t EXPAND, excessive FLUID in the pleural CAVITY

83
Q

What are the S+S of pleural effusion

A

Dyspnea, chest pain, DULLNESS to percussion, absence of breathe SOUNDS, tracheal DEVIATION

84
Q

What is the treatment of a pleural effusion

A

Analyze fluid, THORACOCENTESIS (big needle)

85
Q

What is a pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity

86
Q

What can cause a pneumothorax

A

A TEAR on the surface of the lung, rupture of an emphysematous BLEB

87
Q

What is an open pneumothorax

A

Sucking wound from a large opening in the chest wall

88
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax

A

Air enters into the pleural vacity on inspiration but hole closes on expiration

89
Q

What are the S+S of a pneumothorax

A

ATELECTASIS (collapsed lung), reduced breath SOUNDS, UNEQUAL chest expansion, chest tube placement

90
Q

What is the emergency treatment for a pneumothorax

A

OCCLUSIVE dressing, don’t remove objects

91
Q

What causes a flail chest

A

Fractured ribs, they go the opposite way when breathing

92
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Genetic disorder, MUCUS obstructs airflow, common INFECTIONS

93
Q

What are the S+S for cystic

A

SALTY skin, abdominal DISTENTION, COUGH and INFECTIONS, can’t meet normal GROWTH milestones

94
Q

What are the treatments for cystic fibrosis

A

Chest physiotherapy (vibrate)

95
Q

What are 90% of cases of lung cancer caused by

96
Q

What are the effects of lung tumors

A

OBSTRUCTION of airflow, abnormal breath SOUNDS, DYSPNEA, INFLAMMATION, BLEEDING

97
Q

What are the early S+S of lung cancer

A

Productive cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, edema

98
Q

What is aspiration

A

Passafe of foreign material into trachea and lungs

99
Q

Who is aspiration a common problem for

A

Young children, swallowing issues, people eating or drinking laying down

100
Q

What can aspiration lead to

A

Obstruction, inflammation and swelling, pneumonia

101
Q

What are the S+S of aspiration

A

Coughing choking, dyspnea, loss of vocie, stridor, hoarseness, wheesing, tachy, nasal flaring, retractions, hypoxia

102
Q

What is the emergency treatment for aspiration

A

Haimlich maneuver

103
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea

A

Pharyngeal tissue collapse during sleep

104
Q

What happens in obstructive sleep apnea

A

Breathing stops, obesity, aging, neck CIRCUMFERENCE

105
Q

What is the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

106
Q

What is a nasal cannula

107
Q

What is high-flow nasal cannula

108
Q

What is a non-rebreather

109
Q

What is a venturi mask

110
Q

When do you use a bag-valve mask

A

When respirations are insufficient for oxygenation

111
Q

What is the nursing care for mechanical ventilation

A

ASses for PAIN and SEDATION, elevate HOB, ORAL care

Pathopharm: Spring (11 decks)

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