NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Question 1

SPINA BIFIDA

Answer 1

Present at birth
*Defect of the neural tube where one or more of the spinal vertebrae do not form properly, causing a gap or opening in
the spine
*Damage to the CNS resulting in loss of
function below the level of the lesion

Question 2

SPINA BIFIDA treatment

Answer 2

Modifying Tasks
Environmental Modification
Leisure Exploration
Positioning
Joint Protection

Question 3

hydrocephalus CHARACTERISTICS

Answer 3

• nonverbal deficits
• cognitive deficits
• motor skill deficits
• psychomotor deficits
• visual spatial deficits
• fluctuating attention secondary to varying level of
  fluid in the ventricles.

Question 4

HYDROCEPHALUS

Answer 4

*Increased Cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
*Can be caused by structural anomaly present at birth or structural damage caused by a Traumatic Brain Injury after
birth
*Most common prenatal causes:
-Aqueductal Stenosis
-Spina Bifida

Question 5

Precautions HYDROCEPHALUS

Answer 5

may be a secondary condition to a
neurological condition. If due to trauma or insult to the brain or if a shunt is malfunctioning monitor for:
*nausea
*seizures
*c/o blurred vision
*motor incoordination
*loss of balance
*change in energy level

Question 6

HYDROCEPHALUS OT TREATMENT

Answer 6

Fine motor coordination
ADL (training and / or modification)
Family training
Environment adaptation

Question 7

CEREBRAL PALSY (CP)

Answer 7

*Leading cause of childhood physical disability
*2-3 in 1000 births
*Onset before 5 years of age
*Non-progressive
*Caused by irreversible brain damage occurring before, during,
or shortly after birth
*70% - 80% of causes are prenatal
*No cure; no prenatal testing
may rely on primitive reflex

Question 8

A primary impairment of CP

Answer 8

the non- progressive lesion to the brain

Question 9

secondary impairments of CP

Answer 9

may result from a
primary impairment.
* Contractures
* Joint deformities
* Body misalignment

Question 10

COGNITION, HEARING, & LANGUAGE of CP

Answer 10

-Dysarthria
-voice quality affected
-difficulties with receptive
and/or expressive language
* Hearing abilities can also be affected

Question 11

SENSORY DIFFICULTIES of CP

Answer 11

• 50% of children with CP experience:
• Blindness or
• Uncoordinated eye movements or
• Eye muscle weakness
• 25% of children with CP have auditory
  reception and processing difficulties

Question 12

VISION of CP

Answer 12

• Exotropia
• Esotropia
• Hypertropia
• Hypotropia
• Nystagmus

Question 13

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CP

Answer 13

based on the motor limitations that are
part of CP
* Athetoid Spectrum
* Fluctuation of muscle tone; writheing movement
* Spastic Spectrum
* Varying grades of spasticity
* Ataxia
* Lack of coordination with intentional movements
* Flaccid
* Low tone

Question 14

Diplegia, Hemiplegia, Quadriplegia

Answer 14

Primarily affecting Lower Extremities (LE)
-Affecting the Upper Extremity (UE)and lower extremity of one side of the body
-affecting bilateral UE and LE

Question 15

PRECAUTIONS of CP

Answer 15

*There may be other medical issues that may affect the child on a daily basis
*G-tube / J-tube
*Seizure Disorder

Question 16

GENERAL OT TREATMENT for CP

Answer 16

Tone management
Adaptive techniques
Addressing all areas of occupation: ADLs, IADLs, school,
play, leisure

Question 17

ASSESSMENT

Answer 17

• Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire
• Child Occupational Self-Assessment (COSA)
• Short-Children’s Occupational Profile Evaluation (SCOPE)
• School Setting Interview (SSI)
• School Function Assessment (SFA)
• Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)
• Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS)

Question 18

DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MODEL

Answer 18

Movement is prepared for by small postural changes, preparing the person for movement
* With repeated practice, the motor patterns can be remembered

Question 19

REFLEX-HIERARCHICAL MODELS

Answer 19

Purposeful movement is initiated only when an individual experiences a need or desire to move