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Pediatrics > handwriting > Flashcards

handwriting Flashcards

1
Q

Extrinsic muscles

Intrinsic muscles

A
  • Muscles that act on the hand
  • Muscle belly is in the forearm
  • Muscles that create hand movement
  • Muscle bellies are in the hand, distal to the wrist joint
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2
Q

Hand Skills & Language Development

A
  • Gesturing
  • Hand skills develop before language
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3
Q

Hand Skills & Trunk Control &
Motor Development

A

Postural control necessary for optimal
hand use
* Upper limb coordination
* Shoulder movements develop before hand movements

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4
Q

Hand Skills & Visual Motor
Development

A

Visually motivated reaching occurs around 2 to 3 months
* At around 4 months, infant uses vision to explore instead of hands and mouth

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5
Q

Hand Skills & Sensory Functions

A

provides cues on
how to hold an object, how heavy it is, how delicate/breakable it is, etc

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6
Q

Reaching

A
  • Birth to 3 months
    -Batting at toys
  • 5 months
    -Trapping a toy a midline
  • 6 months
    -Reach for a toy
  • 7 months
  • Begin to support self on all fours to reach
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7
Q

Reflex squeeze

A

4 months
* Hand extends beyond the object; upon contact,
pulls object toward the body

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8
Q

Crude palmar grasp

A

4-5 months
* Contacts object, simultaneous flexion of all fingers presses objects against palm—thumb not involved

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9
Q

Palmar grasp

A

5-6 months
* Pronated hand on object, fingers flex and press
object to mid-palm

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10
Q

Radial palmar grasp

A

6-7 months
* Index and middle fingers flex around object—thumb
assists

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11
Q

Raking grasp

A

7-8 months
* Radial Digital Grasp—8-9 months

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12
Q

Developmental Scissors Grasp

A

8-9 months
* Secure an object between thumb and radial side of
index finger

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13
Q

Inferior Pincer Grasp

A

8-9 months
* Emerging opposition with index finger; not the finger
tip

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14
Q

Three Jaw Chuck

A

10-11 months
* Thumb opposition to index and middle finger pads,
not tips

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15
Q

Pincer Grasp

A

10-12 months
* Thumb opposed to index finger pad

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16
Q

Neat Pincer Grasp

A

10-12 months
* Opposed thumb and finger tip of index or middle
finger

17
Q

Bilateral Manipulation

A

5 months, child can transfer
objects between hands
* 7 months, one hand holds
8-9 months, bangs toys together, then claps

18
Q

In-hand Manipulation

A

Adjustment of a toy in a hand

19
Q

Tips for Playing in Therapy

A
  • Play with the child, don’t just observe
  • Give the child a sense of control
  • Remember to ask the child for direction
    and permission
  • Try to keep up with the terms of the time
  • Choose your words carefully
  • Be creative and imaginative
  • Be flexible
20
Q

Activities to increase prewriting
skills

A

Tearing, crumpling, and gluing
Work left to right, top to
bottom
* Drawing letters in sand, corn
meal, shaving cream,
* Fanny Books

21
Q

Prerequisites to formal handwriting
instruction(Lamme)

A
  1. Small muscle development
  2. Eye-hand coordination
  3. Utensil or tool manipulation
  4. Basic stroke formation
  5. Alphabet letter and number
    recognition
  6. Orientation to written language
22
Q

4 Prewriting competencies needed prior to formal handwriting instruction
(Benbow, Hanft, & Marsh)

A
  1. Dominant hand use
  2. Midline crossing with dominant hand
  3. Proper posture & pencil grasp
  4. Ability to copy the first nine shapes of the
    VMI
23
Q

what is an appropriate
pencil grasp

A
  • Comfortable
  • Provides speed
  • Allows for legibility
  • Will not cause harm to joints over the long term
    if it fits these dont mess with it
24
Q

Palmar Supinate Grasp

A

15 months
full wrap around

25
Q

Digital Pronate Grasp

A

2-3 year
hands like speak postion & pointer down

26
Q

Static Tripod

A

3 years
grip with all fingers

27
Q

Dynamic Tripod Grasp

A

4-6 years
rests on middle finger
when rests on 4th finger = quadrupod grasp
-the best one

28
Q

Mature, effective, atypical grasps:

A
  • Mature tripod
  • Dynamic quadrupod
  • Alternate pencil hold
    -difficult to change after 2nd grade
29
Q

Atypical Pencil grasps

A
  • Index grasp
  • Finger tip grasp
  • Interdigital brace
  • Thumb tuck
  • Thumb wrap
30
Q

Multisensory Activities to
Address Handwriting

A
  • Air writing
  • Rainbow writing
  • Tactile writing
  • Wiki stix
31
Q

Handwriting Components that
have to be present for legibility

A
  • Spacing
  • Size & proportion
  • Placement
  • Slant
32
Q

All kinds of paper…

A
  • Handwriting Without Tears
  • Primary Ready Write
    -Colored ruled lines
  • Smart Start
    -Pictures at top and bottom
  • Raised line paper
33
Q

Possible Modifications

A
  • Slant boards
  • Smaller pencils
  • Don’t grade handwriting
  • Allow child to type assignments
  • Cut down on required written work
    -proofread
34
Q

Prewriting strokes

A

Precursors to forming shapes, letters, and numbers
* Must understand down and across before they can put them
together

35
Q

Developmental Stages of Writing

A

● 1- to 2-year-olds: scribble and circular scribbles
● 2- to 3-year-olds: vertical and horizontal strokes and then lines
● 3- to 4-year-olds: circles and intersecting strokes and lines
● 4- to 6-year-olds: diagonal lines and the ability to form shapes

Pediatrics (14 decks)

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