Neurodevelopmental and Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Question 1

Intellectual Disability

Answer 1

•Problems in intellectual functioning
- Confirmed by clinical assessment & testing

•Problems in adaptive functioning
- Communication, social participation, independent living

•Onset during development

Question 2

Levels of Intellectual Disability (ID)

Answer 2

• Mild – IQ 50-70 (85% of ID in this category)
• Moderate – IQ 35-49 (10% of ID)
• Severe – IQ 20-34 (3-4% of ID)
• Profound IQ <20 (1-2% of ID)

Question 3

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Answer 3

• Core symptoms:
- Inattention (6+ symptoms)
• Hyperactivity-Impulsiveness

Question 4

ADHD - Inattention

Answer 4

• Failure to pay attention to details, careless mistakes
• Difficulty focusing in tasks or play
• Does not listen when spoken to
• Failure to follow through with instructionsDifficulty with organization
• Avoids tasks requiring sustained attention
• Often loses things
• Easily distracted
• Often forgetful

Question 5

ADHD – Hyperactive/Impulsive

Answer 5

• Often fidgets or squirms
• Often gets out of seat when not supposed to
• Often runs or climbs when inappropriateUnable to play or engage in leisure quietly
• Always on the go/restless, unable to sit still
• Often talks excessively
• Often prematurely blurts out answers
• Often interrupts others

Question 6

ADHD Correlates

Answer 6

• Learning or communication problems
• Poor school performance
• Difficulty interacting with other children
• Misbehavior, often serious
• Mood or anxiety problems

Question 7

ADHD: Biological Contributions

Answer 7

• Genetic

• ADHD runs in families
• Familial ADHD may involve deficits on chromosome 20

• Brain dysfunction

• Dopamine and norepinephrine
• Abnormal frontal lobe development & functioning
• Often smaller volume or reduced blood flow to key brain areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, cerebellum)

• Prenatal factors
- Smoking, alcohol use, stress

Question 8

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Answer 8

• At least 4 symptoms from any of the following categories directed at someone other than a sibling and for at least 6 months:

• Angry/irritable mood
• Argumentative/defiant
• Vindictiveness
• Associated with distress for individual or others
• Not better explained by other disorders

Question 9

ODD Symptoms

Answer 9

• Angry/irritable mood
• Argumentative/defiant behavior
• Vindictive/spiteful at least twice within last 6 months

Question 10

Conduct Disorder

Answer 10

• Persistent pattern of behavior in which others rights or societal norms are violated, at least 3 criteria in last 12 months and 1 in last 6 months:

• Aggression to people or animals
• Destruction of property
• Deceitfulness or theft
• Serious violations of rules

• School, work, or social impairment

Question 11

Treating Behavioral Problems

Answer 11

• Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

• Increasing positive interactions
• Reducing negative interactionsEstablishing authority

• Parent Training

• Planned ignoring
• Reinforcement programs

• School and residential programs