Neurocytology I

Question 1

Development of the nervous system:

Week _: thickening on _____, it turns into a _____ —>
______—-> ______ _____. Within _______ ______ —-> ____ _____

Answer 1

Development of the nervous system:

Week 3: thickening on EPIDERMIS, it turns into a GROOVE —>FOLD—-> NEURAL CREST. Within NEURAL GROOVE —-> NEURAL TUBE

Question 2

Neural Crest Derivatives

Answer 2

Peripheral neurons
Schwann cells, satellite cells
Adrenal medulla (Chromaffin cells)
Meningeal coats (pia mater and arachnoid)
Melanocytes
Facial cartilage

Question 3

Neural tube gives rise to ______

Answer 3

Neural tube gives rise to CNS

Question 4

____ substrate is used by migrating cells for _____ and _____ support for young neurons

Answer 4

GLIAL substrate is used by migrating cells for STRUCTURAL and TROPHIC support for young neurons

Question 5

Integrative neurons: ____ cell, _____ cell, _______

Answer 5

Integrative neurons: PURKINJE cell, PYRAMIDAL cell, INTERNEURONS

Question 6

Sensory neurons: _______ neuron, _____ neuron

Answer 6

Sensory neurons: BIPOLAR neuron, PSEUDOUNIPOLAR neuron

Question 7

The in initial segment of a neuron is right after the ____ _____, and has a ____ [] of _________, which has a _____ AP threshold.

Answer 7

The in initial segment of a neuron is right after the AXON HILLOCK, and has a HIGH [] of ION CHANNELS, which has a LOW AP threshold.

Question 8

The _____ synthesizes proteins contains Nissl bodies (_____ and ___)

The ______ also provides protein to support the _____.

The _____ is entirely dependent on the ____ for essential materials, and it lacks ______ _____.

Answer 8

The SOMA synthesizes proteins contains Nissl bodies (RIBOSOMES and RER)

The SOMA also provides protein to support the AXON.

The AXON is entirely dependent on the SOMA for essential materials, and it lacks NISSL BODIES.

Materials also present in dendrites.

Question 9

Characteristics of neuron:

• prominent ______
• _______ nucleus

Answer 9

Characteristics of neuron:

• prominent NUCLEOLUS
• EUCHROMATIC nucleus

Question 10

Fast axonal transport is both ____ and _____. Fast transport moves _____ ____, _____, and ______.

-Fast transport is associated with ___________.

_____ transport can also be slow and transport things such as ______, _____.

Answer 10

Fast axonal transport is both ANTEROGRADE and RETROGRADE. Fast transport moves SYNAPTIC VESICLES, ENDOSOMES, and MITOCHONDRIA.

-Fast transport is associated with MICROTUBULES.

ANTEROGRADE transport can also be slow and transport things such as CYTOSKELETON, CLATHIRIN.

Question 11

Electrical synapses are rare, seen in ______, and consist of _____ ____. They lead to _____ of function between ____ _____. Causes ______.

Answer 11

Electrical synapses are rare, seen in DEVELOPMENT, and consist of GAP JCTS. They lead to COORDINATION of function between MULTIPLE NEURONS. Causes SYNCHRONY.

Question 12

Chemical synapse uses ______. _____ folds consist of clusters of ___ _____, and lie over ______ like _____. Action zone is within _____.

Vesicle release requires ___ _____.

Answer 12

Chemical synapse uses VESICLES. JUNCTIONAL folds consist of clusters of NT RECEPTORS, and lie over EFFECTOR like MUSCLE. Action zone is within PRESYNAPTIC NEURON.

Vesicle release requires CA INFLUX.

Question 13

Proteins involved with NT vesicle release at synapse:

_____ binds vesicles to ____ and other components of cytoskeleton. ____ is P-lated by _____. Vesicles are released.

Docking and fusion of vesicles with presynaptic membrane is associated with ____ and _____. Events are regulated by ____ _____. ____ sensing proteins such as ______ are through to regulate docking and fusing process.

Answer 13

Proteins involved with NT vesicle release at synapse:

SYNAPSIN-I binds vesicles to ACTIN and other components of cytoskeleton. SYNAPSIN-I is P-lated by CAMK. Vesicles are released.

Docking and fusion of vesicles with presynaptic membrane is associated with VAMPS and T-SNARES. Events are regulated by CA INFLUX. CALCIUM sensing proteins such as SYNAPTOTAGMINS are through to regulate docking and fusing process.

Question 14

Transmitters in synaptic cleft are:

• _____ by enzymes
• _____ ___ by presynaptic terminal
• _____ ___ by ______
• _______ away

Answer 14

Transmitters in synaptic cleft are:

• DEGRADED by enzymes
• TAKEN UP by presynaptic terminal
• TAKEN UP by GLIA
• DIFFUSE away

Question 15

After transmitter release, exocytotic vesicles remain ______ with ___ and are _____. Coated vesicles pinch off from presynaptic membrane, the coat is lost, and the vesicles fuse with _____ ____ in the _____. The coats usually contain _____.

In some cases, vesicles may be ____ with ____ without going through _____ _____.

Not all vesicle membrane is reused. Some is _____ transported and _____ by the _____.

Answer 15

After transmitter release, exocytotic vesicles remain ASSOCIATED with PM and are RECYCLED. Coated vesicles pinch off from presynaptic membrane, the coat is lost, and the vesicles fuse with EARLY ENDOSOME in the TERMINAL. The coats usually contain CLATHIRIN.

In some cases, vesicles may be REFILLED with TRANSMITTER without going through EARLY ENDOSOME.

Not all vesicle membrane is reused. Some is RETROGRADELY transported and DEGRADED by the LYSOSOME.

Question 16

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome is results in impaired _____ _____. It attacks presynaptic ___ ____, so __ cannot enter synaptic terminal.

Botulism and tetanus toxins affect _____ involved in ____ ____.

Answer 16

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome is results in impaired VESICLE RECYCLING. It attacks presynaptic CA CHANNELS, so CA cannot enter synaptic terminal.

Botulism and tetanus toxins affect SNARES involved in VESICLE FUSION.

Question 17

When axon is lesioned, you will get ______ and cell death of ____ and ____ cells.

Answer 17

When axon is lesioned, you will get CHROMATOLYSIS (LOSS OF NISSL BODIES) and cell death of UPSTREAM and DOWNSTREAM cells.