Development Of GU System And Kidney

Question 1

Nephrons originate embryologically from the _____

Answer 1

Nephrons originate embryologically from the METANEPHROS

Question 2

Urogenital ridges are derived from _____ _____ and are found on the _____ body wall. They further differentiate and form the ____ ____ medially and ____ _____ laterally.

Answer 2

Urogenital ridges are derived from INTERMEDIATE MESODERM and are found on the POSTERIOR body wall. They further differentiate and form the GONADAL RIDGE medially and NEPHROGENIC RIDGE laterally.

Question 3

Collecting system (from tubules to ureters) originates embryologically from the _____ ___. Early splitting of this causes duplication of ureters.

Answer 3

Collecting system (from tubules to ureters) originates embryologically from the URETERIC BUD. Early splitting of this causes duplication of ureters.

Question 4

Mesonephros’s caudal end empties into _____. The part of it that doesnt regress remains in males are ____ ____ ____.

Answer 4

Mesonephros’s caudal end empties into C;PACA. The part of it that doesnt regress remains in males are TESTICULAR EFFERENT DUCTULES.

Question 5

Caudal end of mesonephric duct is retained to form the _____.

Answer 5

Caudal end of mesonephric duct is retained to form the TRIGONE (posterior wall of urinary bladder)

Question 6

All but caudal end of mesonephric duct gives rise to ______ ____ ____ in the _____. The duct is AKA _____ duct.

______ induces differentiation of male external genitalia.

Answer 6

All but caudal end of mesonephric duct gives rise to INTERNAL GENITAL SYSTEM in the MALE. The duct is AKA WOLFFIAN duct.

DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE induces differentiation of male external genitalia.

Question 7

The _____ gives rise to the true kidney. This precursor gives rise to the _____ system of the kidney.

Answer 7

The METANEPHROS gives rise to the true kidney. This precursor gives rise to the FILTERING system of the kidney.

Question 8

Reciprocal induction Mechanism in developing renal system

Answer 8

Initially, metanephros forms a cap over uteric bud. Factors released by cells of uteric bud and metanephros promote development into respective structures of collecting and filtering system.

Question 9

Cause and consequences of Oligoanhydramnios

Answer 9

Cause: renal agenesis.
Consequence: Potter’s Sequence; abnormal facial formation and hypoplasia of lungs

Question 10

Kidneys ______ to _____ region of abdomen. Initially, they are supplied by branches of _____ ____ vessels, but after kidney ______, kidneys make connection with _____ ____ for blood supply at ___ vertebral level.

Answer 10

Kidneys ASCEND to LUMBAR region of abdomen. Initially, they are supplied by branches of COMMON ILAIC vessels, but after kidney ASCENTION, kidneys make connection with ABDOMINAL AORTA for blood supply at L2 vertebral level.

Question 11

_____ septum separates cloaca. Anterior part forms _____ ____ and gives rise to the _____ superiorly and _____ inferiorly. The posterior part forms the _____ ___.

Answer 11

URORECTAL septum separates cloaca. Anterior part forms UROGENITAL SINUS and gives rise to the BLADDER superiorly and URETHRA (+ LOWER VAGINA) inferiorly. The posterior part forms the RECTOANAL CANAL.

Question 12

TDF is a key TF whose influence results in _____ _____ ____ ____ While it’s absense results in _____ _______.

Answer 12

TDF is a key TF whose influence results in MALE GENITAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT While it’s absense results in FEMALE DEVELOPMENT.

Question 13

During indifferent stage, germ cells originate in ______ and migrate through _______ ____ to reach the ____ ___.

Germ cells induce ______ cells of the gonadal ridge to proliferate as ____ ___ ____ that invade underlying _____ in the indifferent gonad.

Answer 13

During indifferent stage, germ cells originate in EPIBLAST and migrate through PRIMITIVE STREAK to reach the YOLK SAC.

Germ cells induce EPITHELIAL cells of the gonadal ridge to proliferate as PRIMITIVE SEX CORDS that invade underlying MESENCHYME in the indifferent gonad.

Question 14

In males, ____ Induces indifferent gonad to differentiate into testis and primitive sec cords to form _____ _____. These ____ ____ form rete testis and precursors to ______ _____. Sertoli cells and _______ line the lumen of these ____ ____.

Answer 14

In males, TDF Induces indifferent gonad to differentiate into testis and primitive sec cords to form MEDULLARY CORDS. These MEDULLARY CORDS form rete testis and precursors to SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. Sertoli cells and SPERMATOGONIUM line the lumen of these SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES.

Question 15

The intratesticular seminiferous tubules and rete testis become continuous with the ______-derived ____ _____, and ______-___ derived ____ ____ and ______ ____.

The first section of ______-duct connected to efferent ductules makes up the _______.

The distal-most region of the _____-duct forms the ejaculatory ducts.

Seminal vesicles form as outbuddings of _____ ____.

Answer 15

The intratesticular seminiferous tubules and rete testis become continuous with the MESONEPHRIC-derived EFFERENT DUCTULES, and MESONEPHRIC-DUCT derived DUCTUS DEFERENS and EJEACULATORY DUCTS.

The first section of MESONEPHRIC-duct connected to efferent ductules makes up the EPIDIDYMIS.

The distal-most region of the MESONEPHRIC-duct forms the ejaculatory ducts.

Seminal vesicles form as outbuddings of MESONEPHRIC DUCTS. (MESODERM)

Question 16

Mesenchyme surrounding medullary cords form _____ cells that produce _____.

____ cells in medullary cords produce Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) which prevents _______ duct formation.

Answer 16

Mesenchyme surrounding medullary cords form LEYDIG cells that produce TESTOSTERONE.

SERTOLI cells in medullary cords produce Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) which prevents PARAMESONEPHRIC duct formation.

Question 17

In female embryos, without the influence of ____, the indifferent gonad becomes the ovary when _____ ___ ____ dissociate and the surface epithelium of the gonad proliferates to develop ____ ___ that penetrate the ____ ____.

These ___ ___ form the follicular cells that surround _____ in the ____.

Answer 17

In female embryos, without the influence of TDF, the indifferent gonad becomes the ovary when PRIMITIVE SEX CORDS dissociate and the surface epithelium of the gonad proliferates to develop CORTICAL CORDS that penetrate the UNDERLYING MESODERM.

These CORTICAL CORDS form the follicular cells that surround OOCYTES in the CORTEX.

Question 18

Ejaculatory ducts empty–>_____ urethra—> _____ urethra—> _____ urethra.

Answer 18

Ejaculatory ducts empty–>PROSTATIC urethra—> MEMBRANOUS urethra—> PENILE urethra.

Question 19

Both prostate and bulbourethral glands are _____ in origin.

Answer 19

Both prostate and bulbourethral glands are ENDODERMAL in origin.

Question 20

Internal genital ducts in the female are stimulated by ______, and the absence of ______/___ to develop the ______/_____ ducts. ____ also act on external genitalia.

Answer 20

Internal genital ducts in the female are stimulated by ESTROGEN, and the absence of TESTOSTERONE/MIS to develop the PARAMESONEPHRIC/MULLERIAN ducts. ESTROGEN also act on external genitalia.

Question 21

The cranial-most part of the paramesonephric ducts remain unfused and develop into the _____ ____ that open into the peritoneal cavity.

The caudal parts of the paramesonephric ducts fuse in the _____ to form the _____ and _____ ____.
Defective fusion of paramesonephric ducts may result in ______ ______ or ____.

The caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts contact the ______ sinus, which subsequently
forms evaginations, the _________ _____, that proliferate for lengthening and formation of a solid
vaginal plate, which later canalizes except at the caudal end as _____.

Defective fusion or
canalization may result in duplication or _____ _____, respectively. Thus, the upper vagina and fornices are of fused paramesonephric duct origin (_____-derived) while the lower vagina is urogenital sinus origin (______-derived)..

Answer 21

The cranial-most part of the paramesonephric ducts remain unfused and develop into the UTERINE TUBES that open into the peritoneal cavity.

The caudal parts of the paramesonephric ducts fuse in the MIDLIN to form the UTERUS and UPPER VAGINA. Defective fusion of paramesonephric ducts may result in BICORNATE UTERUS or DUPLICATION.

The caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts contact the UROGENITAL sinus, which subsequently
forms evaginations, the SINOVAGINAL BULBS, that proliferate for lengthening and formation of a solid
vaginal plate, which later canalizes except at the caudal end as HYMEN.

Defective fusion or
canalization may result in duplication or VAGINAL ATRESIA, respectively. Thus, the upper vagina and fornices are of fused paramesonephric duct origin (MESODERM-derived) while the lower vagina is urogenital sinus origin (ENDODERM-derived)..

Question 22

Genital tubercle forms ____ to the cloacal membrane and a pair of clocal folds border the membrane ______. A pair of genital swellings form _____ to the cloacal folds.

The cloacal folds are divided into ____ folds and ____ folds.

Answer 22

Genital tubercle forms ANTERIOR to the cloacal membrane and a pair of clocal folds border the membran LATERALLY. A pair of genital swellings form LATERALLY to the cloacal folds.

The cloacal folds are divided into URETHRAL folds and ANAL folds.

Question 23

Defects in urethral fold closure may result in ________.

Answer 23

Defects in urethral fold closure may result in HYPOSPADIAS.

Question 24

Kidneys are at ____-__ vertebral levels, near ribs __-__. The ____ ____, ______ ____, and _____ _____ are posterior to kidneys. _____ ____ is anterior to kidneys.

Answer 24

Kidneys are at T12-L3 vertebral levels, near ribs 11-12. The PSOAS MAJOR, QUADRATUS LUMBORUM, and TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINUS are posterior to kidneys. PARIETAL PERITONEUM is anterior to kidneys.

Question 25

Segmental branches of the renal arteries give rise to _____ arteries which course in the ____ ____ and branch to _____ arteries at the ________ junction. These _____ arteries give rise to _____ arteries whose afferent arteriole branches supply the ________.

Answer 25

Segmental branches of the renal arteries give rise to INTERLOBAR arteries which course in the RENAL MEDULLA and branch to ARCUATE arteries at the CORTICOMEDULLARY junction. These ARCUATE arteries give rise to INTERLOBULAR arteries whose afferent arteriole branches supply the GLOMERULUS.

Question 26

The L renal vein courses _____ to the abdominal aorta at the __ vertebral level, _____ and _____ to the SMA to drain into the IVC, which is located to the _____ of the abdominal aorta

Whereas the R adrenal vein and R gonadal vein drain into the ____, the L adrenal and L gonadal veins drain into ____ first.

Answer 26

The L renal vein courses ANTERIOR to the abdominal aorta at the L2 vertebral level POSTERIOR and INFERIOR to the SMA to drain into the IVC, which is located to the RIGHT of the abdominal aorta

Whereas the R adrenal vein and R gonadal vein drain into the IVC, the L adrenal and L gonadal veins drain into L RENAL VEIN first.

Question 27

In SMA syndrome, the ____ ____ ___ may get compressed bw the SMA and the aorta, thus compromising venous drainage from ___ kidney-adrenal-gonad. This may result in ______ in the _____ ____ of the __ ______ ____. The ___ part of the duodenum may also be compressed and manifests in ____.

Answer 27

In SMA syndrome, the LEFT RENAL VEIN may get compressed bw the SMA and the aorta, thus compromising venous drainage from LEFT kidney-adrenal-gonad. This may result in VARICOSITIES in the PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS of the LEFT TESTICULAR VEIN. The 3RD part of the duodenum may also be compressed and manifests in PAIN AFTER MEALS.

Question 28

Ureters descend retroperitoneally on the anterior surface of ____ ____ and posterior to the ___ _____. The ureter crosses anterior to the bifurcation of the _____ ____ ____ as it passes over the ____ ____. The ureter continues down the posterolateral pelvic wall and courses along ____ ____ to reach bladder.

Answer 28

Ureters descend retroperitoneally on the anterior surface of PSOAS MAJOR and posterior to the PARIETAL PERITONEUM. The ureter crosses anterior to the bifurcation of the COMMON ILIAC ARTERY as it passes over the PELVIC BRIM. The ureter continues down the posterolateral pelvic wall and courses along PELVIC FLOOR to reach bladder.

Question 29

3 Constriction Points of Ureter

Answer 29

Ureteropelvic junction
Pelvic brim
Uretovesical junction

Question 30

Sensory innervation of the ureter hitchhikes on ______ nerves and enters the spinal cord at ___-__.

Answer 30

Sensory innervation of the ureter hitchhikes on SYMPATHETIC nerves and enters the spinal cord at T10-L2.

Question 31

The detrusor is _____ muscle of bladder wall and it contracts to ____ urine and is ________ innervated.

The internal urethral sphincter _____ urine in the bladder and is _____ innervated.

Answer 31

The detrusor is SMOOTH muscle of bladder wall and it contracts to EXPEL urine and is PARASYMPATHETICALLY innervated.

The internal urethral sphincter RETAINS urine in the bladder and is SYMPATHETICALLY innervated.