Muscle

Question 1

Skeletal muscle’s Ca++ is ______ and the ATP sources are _____, ____, ____, ____, __

Answer 1

Skeletal muscle’s Ca++ is INTRACELLULAR and the ATP sources are STORED, PHOSPHAGEN, GLYCOLYTIC, OX PHOS, FA

Question 2

Cardiac muscle’s Ca++ is ____________. ATP sources are ____ and _____.

Answer 2

Cardiac muscle’s Ca++ is EXTRA and INTRACELLULAR. ATP sources are OX PHOS and FA.

Question 3

Smooth muscle’s Ca++ is ___________. ATP source is ______.

Answer 3

Smooth muscle’s Ca++ is EXTA AND INTRACELLULAR. ATP source is OX PHOS.

Question 4

Whole muscle—->______—->_____/_____—>_______—>_______

Answer 4

Whole muscle—->FASCICLES—->FIBERS/CELLS—>MYOFIBRILS—>SARCOMERES—>MYOFILAMENTS

Question 5

The myofilaments in muscle are made up of actin-interacitng components ____ and _____ and myosin.

Answer 5

The myofilaments in muscle are made up of actin-interacitng components TROPONINS I,C,T and TROPOMYOSIN and myosin.

Question 6

Myofibirls contain repeating units of ______ which consist of interdigitating ______.

Answer 6

Myofibirls contain repeating units of SARCOMERES which consist of interdigitating MYOFILAMENTS.

Question 7

Troponin: anchors to \_\_\_\_\_
Tropomyosin: \_\_\_\_\_ binding
Troponin c: \_\_\_\_\_ binding
Troponin T: anchors to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Myosin light chains: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 7

Troponin: anchors to ACTIN
Tropomyosin: MYOSIN binding
Troponin c: CA2+ binding
Troponin T: anchors to TROPOMYOSIN
Myosin light chains: ATPase

Question 8

Action potential—>_______—->_____ _____—-> ______ _______—->ACh binding cholinergic nicotinic receptors at _____ ____—->generation of _____ _____ _____—>______ ______ ___ _____

Answer 8

Action potential—>VOLTAGE-GATED CA++ CHANNELS—->CA++ INFLUX—-> ACH RELEASE—->ACh binding cholinergic nicotinic receptors at MOTOR ENDPLATE—->generation of END PLATE POTENTIAL—>OPENING OF VOLTAGE-GATED NA CHANNELS

Question 9

Energy and Ca Sources:

Cardiac muscle: ______ ___, and _____; ______/______

Smooth muscle: _____ ___; _____/______

Answer 9

Energy and Ca Sources:

Cardiac muscle: OX PHOS , and FA; EXTRA/INTRACELLULAR

Smooth muscle: OX PHOS; EXTRA/INTRACELLULAR

Question 10

AP travels down _-____—-> activation of ______—–>activates ____ which will—-> ___ release from _________—->elevated sarcoplasmic [__] will activate _________ ______

Answer 10

AP travels down T-TUBULES—-> activation of DHPR—–>activates RYR which will—-> CA release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM—->elevated sarcoplasmic [CA] will activate CROSSBRIDGE CYCLING

Question 11

Cross-Bridge Cycling in a Nutshell

1. Myosin binds _____ because __________ is bound to __.
2. Power stroke
3. Release of ____ and __ from ______
4. ____ binding, _______ of ____-____
5. _____ hydrolysis
6. _____ binds _____

Answer 11

Cross-Bridge Cycling in a Nutshell

1. Myosin binds ACTIN because TROPOMYOSIN is bound to CA.
2. Power stroke
3. Release of ADP and Pi from MYOSIN
4. ATP binding, DISSOCIATION of MYOSIN-ACTIN
5. ATP hydrolysis
6. ACTIN binds MYOSIN

Question 12

Ca Sequestration Mechanisms

-utilization of _______ (Active) and ____ (passive)

Answer 12

Ca Sequestration Mechanisms

-utilization of SERCA (Active) and NCX (passive)

Question 13

Relationship Bw NCX and Na/K ATPase:

_________ sets gradient for _________ to do it’s work.

Digoxin blocks ________, which lowers ___ import. This will incentivize ______ to bring more __ in IN EXCHANGE FOR ___.

Answer 13

Relationship Bw NCX and Na/K ATPase:

NA/K ATPASE sets gradient for NCX to do it’s work.

Digoxin blocks NA/K ATPASE, which lowers NA import. This will incentivize NCX to bring more NA in IN EXCHANGE FOR CALCIUM.

Question 14

Changes in [__] are directly proportional to changes in ______ (______ State)

Answer 14

Changes in [CA] are directly proportional to changes in CONTRACITLITY (INOTROPIC State)

Question 15

Parathyroid hormone acts on _______ for ______ and ______ for _______ __________. Which will eventually influence ______ _______.

Answer 15

Parathyroid hormone acts on BONES for DEMINERALIZATION and KIDNEYS for CALCIUM REABSORPTION. Which will eventually influence NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY.

Question 16

Every muscle contraction begins with _____ contraction. When preload > afterload, then muscle fibers undergo _____ contraction.

Answer 16

Every muscle contraction begins with ISOMETRIC contraction. When preload > afterload, then muscle fibers undergo ISOTONIC contraction.

Question 17

Eccentric contractions are ______, and muscle resists load by ________. Example: downward phase of _____.

Concentric contractions are the opposite.

Answer 17

Eccentric contractions are CONTROLLED, and muscle resists load by STRETCHING. Example: downward phase of SQUAT.

Question 18

Golgi tendon organ: Active during any increase in ____ ____. Afferent fiber goes into _____, _______ feed into ____ motor neurons.

If the tension is damaging, then there will be inhibition of _____ _____ muscles and activation of _______ _______ muscles.

Answer 18

Golgi tendon organ: Active during any increase in MUSCLE TENSION. Afferent fiber goes into SC, INTERNEURONS feed into ALPHA motor neurons.

If the tension is damaging, then there will be inhibition of IPSILATERAL AGONIST muscles and activation of IPSILATERAL ANTAGONIST muscles.

Question 19

Muscle spindles monitor _____ in _____ and rate of ______ of _______.

Answer 19

Muscle spindles monitor CHANGE in LENGTH and rate of CHANGE of LENGTH.

Question 20

When activated, satellite cells form ________ _____ which will either ______ into or ______ existing fibers.

Answer 20

When activated, satellite cells form MULTINUCLEATED MYOTUBES which will either DIFFERENTIATE into or REPAIR existing fibers.

Question 21

Myokines act on ______, ____, _____ (to promote ____ secretion), ______ system, _____ (for ________), and the ____ _____

Answer 21

Myokines act on VESSELS, BONE, PANCREAS (to promote INSULIN secretion), IMMUNE system, LIVER (for GLUCONEOGENESIS), and the SMALL INTESTINE

Question 22

Growth hormone (from the _____ pituitary) stimulates hepatic ____ production. ____ is expressed within ______ _____. It synergizes with GH, stimulates _______ and _______.

Together, the hormones promote ______ which will contribute to fuel for working out.

Answer 22

Growth hormone (from the ANTERIOR pituitary) stimulates hepatic IGF-1 production. IGF-1 is expressed within SKELETAL MUSCLE. It synergizes with GH, stimulates PROTEOGENESIS and REGENERATION.

Together, the hormones promote LIPOLYSIS which will contribute to fuel for working out.

Question 23

Cortisol is made by renal ______. Cortisol decreases ______ _____ mass by 4 main mechanisms:

Directly by enhancing ____ __ fiber atrophy.
Indirectly by activating the hormone ________.
Indirectly by activating ______ factors.
Indirectly by inhibiting _____.

Answer 23

Cortisol is made by renal CORTEX. Cortisol decreases SKELETAL MUSCLE mass by 4 main mechanisms:

Directly by enhancing TYPE II fiber atrophy.
Indirectly by activating the hormone MYOSTATIN.
Indirectly by activating PROTEOLYTIC factors.
Indirectly by inhibiting IGF-1.

Question 24

Myostatin, aka ______ is expressed by _____ cells, and blocks _____ ____ _____.

Answer 24

Myostatin, aka GDF-8 is expressed by SATELLITE cells, and blocks CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION.

Question 25

Activation of Smooth Muscle Contraction:
Can start with AP—-> type _ __ channels–> ___ influx

Can start with ______ or _______ which both activate ______-______ __ channels—> ___ influx.

Both result in ___-dependent signaling—> crossbridge cycling

Answer 25

Activation of Smooth Muscle Contraction:
Can start with AP—-> type L CA channels–> CA influx

Can start with STRETCH or NEUROHORMONE which both activate VOLTAGE-INDEPENDENT CA channels—> CA influx.

Both result in CA-dependent signaling—> crossbridge cycling

Question 26

Vasoconstricting hormones:
________ __, _________, ________ (mild)

Vasodilator metabolites:
___, ____, ______, _____ acid

Answer 26

Vasoconstricting hormones:
ANGIOTENSIN II, VASOPRESSIN, ALDOSTERONE (mild)

Vasodilator metabolites:
CO2, NO, ADENOSINE, LACTIC acid

Question 27

Both epi and norepi act on __ receptor, which opens membrane __ channels—-> __ influx—-> vaso______

Answer 27

Both epi and norepi act on A1 receptor, which opens membrane CA channels—-> CA influx—-> vasoCONSTRICTION

Question 28

NO leads to increased ______ and _____, which act on membrane ___ pumps (which pump __ outside of cell), which will lead to ________.

Answer 28

NO leads to increased cGMP and KINASES, which act on membrane CA pumps (which pump CA outside of cell), which will lead to VASODILATION.

Question 29

BP = _____ X _____

Answer 29

BP = CO X TPR

Question 30

Stress relaxation is an important mechanism that is responsible for generation of _____ ____.

Answer 30

Stress relaxation is an important mechanism that is responsible for generation of PULSE PRESSURE.