Neuroanatomy and imaging

Question 1

What are nerve fibers in the CNS called?

Answer 1

Tract

Question 2

What are nerve fibers/axons in PNS called?

Answer 2

Nerve

Question 3

What does diencephalon include?

Answer 3

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Third ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Median apertur

Question 4

What are the 3 primary vesicles in the brain?

Answer 4

Forebrain (Prosencephalon), MIdbrain (Mesencephalon) and hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Question 5

What are the secondary vesicles?

Answer 5

Forebrain –> Telencephalon, diencephalon
Midbrain –> Mesencephalon
Hindbrain –> Metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 6

What are the derivatives of the telencephalon?

Answer 6

Cerebral hemisphere

Question 7

What is the cavity found in the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 7

Lateral ventricles

Question 8

What is the derivative of the diencephalon?

Answer 8

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

Question 9

What is the cavity found in the Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus?

Answer 9

third ventricle

Question 10

What is the derivative of the mesencephalon?

Answer 10

Midbrain

Question 11

What is the cavity found in the midbrain?

Answer 11

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 12

What is the cavity found in the pons and medulla oblongata ?

Answer 12

Pons, medulla oblongata

Question 13

What is the derivative of the metencephalon?

Answer 13

Pons

Question 14

What is the derivative of the myelencephaon?

Answer 14

Medulla oblongata

Question 15

What makes the CSF?

Answer 15

Choroid plexuses, largely in the lateral ventricles

Question 16

What happens if the cerebral aqueduct is blocked?

Answer 16

Hydrocephalus

Question 17

Which ventricles would swell if the aqueduct were blocked?

Answer 17

Third and lateral ventricle

Question 18

What are some landmarks seen?

Answer 18

Cerebellar peduncles on axial and saggital view are on each side of midline they connect the cerebellum with other parts of the brainstem

Question 19

What is the finction of the ligamentum denticulatum?

Answer 19

Preventing displacement of spinal cord within vertebral column

Question 20

What does the anterior root of the spinal cord contain?

Answer 20

Motor fibers from the anterior horns and autonomic fibers from the lateral horns

Question 21

What is found in the posterior root?

Answer 21

Purely sensory carries post. roo ganglion (spinal ganglion)

Question 22

What does the posterior ramus supply?

Answer 22

Muscles and skin of the back

Question 23

Why do babies show positive babinski sign?

Answer 23

The corticospinal tract are not myelinated

Question 24

What is lamina II of the spinal cord?

Answer 24

Substantia gelatinosa In dorsal horn

Question 25

What are the neurons of lamina IX?

Answer 25

motor neurons in ventral horn

Question 26

Where are preganglionic sympathetic neurons found?

Answer 26

Laeral horn only in the thoracic cord part of lamina VII

Question 27

What does injury to the lower motor neuron lesion cause?

Answer 27

Nerve injury; poliomyelitis: flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle wasting, fibrillation and fasiculation

Question 28

What does upper motor neuron lesions cause?

Answer 28

Spinal injury --> spastic paralysis, little muscle wasting, babinsky sign

Question 29

What do degenerated corticospinal tracts get replaced by?

Answer 29

Astrocytes (glial cells)

Question 30

What happens if a branch of the basilar artery supplying the corticospinal tract is blocked?

Answer 30

Locked in syndrome

Question 31

Where does the brain form from?

Answer 31

The rostral end of the neural tube

Question 32

What forms the brain vesicles in embryology?

Answer 32

The cavity of the tube

Question 33

What forms the spinal cord in the neural tube?

Answer 33

The caudal part

Question 34

When do the anterior and posterior neuropores close?

Answer 34

Anterior on 25th day and posterior on 27th day

Question 35

What is the brainstem formed of?

Answer 35

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 36

Where does the 4th ventricle lie?

Answer 36

In between PONS and MO infront and cerebellum behind

Question 37

What is the extent of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 37

From the lower border of the foramen magnum below to the lower border of the pons above

Question 38

What are the parts of the medulla ?

Answer 38

Closed medulla: Is the lower part and encloses the central canal OPen medulla : is the upper part and opens into the 4th ventricle and forms the lower part of its floor

Question 39

What are the 3 elevations of the medulla found on the antereo lateal surface?

Answer 39

1.Pyramid : formed by pyramidal tract 2.Olive: formed by the inferior olivary nucleus 3.Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP): Lies postereo-lateral to olive. It communicates between: cerebellum and medulla

Question 40

Where does the antereolateral sulcus lie?

Answer 40

Between pyramid and olive

Question 41

Which nerve exits from the antereo-lateral sulcus?

Answer 41

Hypoglossal nerve

Question 42

Where does the postero-lateral sulcus lie?

Answer 42

Between olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 43

Which nerves exit through the postero-lateral sulcus?

Answer 43

9th and 10th cranial accessory (11th)

Question 44

What are the posterior median sulcus found on closed medulla ?

Answer 44

1. Gracile tract: medial & ends in gracile tubercle (nucleus) 2.Cuneate tract: in the middle & ends in cuneate tubercle (nucleus) 3.Inferior Cerebellar peduncle (ICP)

Question 45

What forms the base (above) in the open medulla?

Answer 45

Formed by medullary stria