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NB > Neuroanatomy and imaging > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy and imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What are nerve fibers in the CNS called?

A

Tract

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2
Q

What are nerve fibers/axons in PNS called?

A

Nerve

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3
Q

What does diencephalon include?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Third ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Median apertur

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles in the brain?

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon), MIdbrain (Mesencephalon) and hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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5
Q

What are the secondary vesicles?

A

Forebrain –> Telencephalon, diencephalon
Midbrain –> Mesencephalon
Hindbrain –> Metencephalon, myelencephalon

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6
Q

What are the derivatives of the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemisphere

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7
Q

What is the cavity found in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Lateral ventricles

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8
Q

What is the derivative of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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9
Q

What is the cavity found in the Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus?

A

third ventricle

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10
Q

What is the derivative of the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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11
Q

What is the cavity found in the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

What is the cavity found in the pons and medulla oblongata ?

A

Pons, medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What is the derivative of the metencephalon?

A

Pons

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14
Q

What is the derivative of the myelencephaon?

A

Medulla oblongata

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15
Q

What makes the CSF?

A

Choroid plexuses, largely in the lateral ventricles

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16
Q

What happens if the cerebral aqueduct is blocked?

A

Hydrocephalus

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17
Q

Which ventricles would swell if the aqueduct were blocked?

A

Third and lateral ventricle

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18
Q

What are some landmarks seen?

A

Cerebellar peduncles on axial and saggital view are on each side of midline they connect the cerebellum with other parts of the brainstem

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19
Q

What is the finction of the ligamentum denticulatum?

A

Preventing displacement of spinal cord within vertebral column

20
Q

What does the anterior root of the spinal cord contain?

A

Motor fibers from the anterior horns and autonomic fibers from the lateral horns

21
Q

What is found in the posterior root?

A

Purely sensory carries post. roo ganglion (spinal ganglion)

22
Q

What does the posterior ramus supply?

A

Muscles and skin of the back

23
Q

Why do babies show positive babinski sign?

A

The corticospinal tract are not myelinated

24
Q

What is lamina II of the spinal cord?

A

Substantia gelatinosa In dorsal horn

25
Q

What are the neurons of lamina IX?

A

motor neurons in ventral horn

26
Q

Where are preganglionic sympathetic neurons found?

A

Laeral horn only in the thoracic cord part of lamina VII

27
Q

What does injury to the lower motor neuron lesion cause?

A

Nerve injury; poliomyelitis: flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle wasting, fibrillation and fasiculation

28
Q

What does upper motor neuron lesions cause?

A

Spinal injury –> spastic paralysis, little muscle wasting, babinsky sign

29
Q

What do degenerated corticospinal tracts get replaced by?

A

Astrocytes (glial cells)

30
Q

What happens if a branch of the basilar artery supplying the corticospinal tract is blocked?

A

Locked in syndrome

31
Q

Where does the brain form from?

A

The rostral end of the neural tube

32
Q

What forms the brain vesicles in embryology?

A

The cavity of the tube

33
Q

What forms the spinal cord in the neural tube?

A

The caudal part

34
Q

When do the anterior and posterior neuropores close?

A

Anterior on 25th day and posterior on 27th day

35
Q

What is the brainstem formed of?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

36
Q

Where does the 4th ventricle lie?

A

In between PONS and MO infront and cerebellum behind

37
Q

What is the extent of the medulla oblongata?

A

From the lower border of the foramen magnum below to the lower border of the pons above

38
Q

What are the parts of the medulla ?

A

Closed medulla: Is the lower part and encloses the central canal
OPen medulla : is the upper part and opens into the 4th ventricle and forms the lower part of its floor

39
Q

What are the 3 elevations of the medulla found on the antereo lateal surface?

A

1.Pyramid : formed by pyramidal tract
2.Olive: formed by the inferior olivary nucleus
3.Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP): Lies postereo-lateral to olive. It communicates between: cerebellum and medulla

40
Q

Where does the antereolateral sulcus lie?

A

Between pyramid and olive

41
Q

Which nerve exits from the antereo-lateral sulcus?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

42
Q

Where does the postero-lateral sulcus lie?

A

Between olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle

43
Q

Which nerves exit through the postero-lateral sulcus?

A

9th and 10th cranial accessory (11th)

44
Q

What are the posterior median sulcus found on closed medulla ?

A
  1. Gracile tract: medial & ends in gracile tubercle (nucleus)
    2.Cuneate tract: in the middle & ends in cuneate tubercle (nucleus)
    3.Inferior Cerebellar peduncle (ICP)
45
Q

What forms the base (above) in the open medulla?

A

Formed by medullary stria

NB (13 decks)

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