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NB > INtercranial region > Flashcards

INtercranial region Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

Skin
Conective tissue
Aponeurosis of occiptofrontalis muscle
Loose areolar tissue
Perineum

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2
Q

Where in the scalp would a wound gap and where wouldn’t it?

A

Gap: Aponeurosis
Doesn’t gap: Connecive tissue

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3
Q

what is the dangerous area of the scalp ?

A

Loose areolar tissue due to prescence of emissary veins

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4
Q

What is black eye ?

A

collections of fluid, pus and blood spreading to the eyelid

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5
Q

Where can de scalping occur?

A

Loose areolar tissue

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6
Q

What are diploic veins?

A

The diplioc veins are large tin walled valves, that channel in the diploe between the inner and outer layers of the corticol bone in the skull.

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7
Q

what happens to the diploe in sickle cell anaemia?

A

It increases in thicnkess due to hyperplasia

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8
Q

what are the layers of the dura inside tout ?

A

PAD
PIa
Arachnoid
Dura

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9
Q

What are the dural folds?

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

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10
Q

What are the borders of the falx cerebri?

A

upper border: superior saggital sinus
lower free border: inferior saggittal sinus
Base: straight sinus

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11
Q

what is the falx cereblli?

A

small cresecent shaped projects vertically downward in posterior cranial fossa between the two cerebellar hemisphere.

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12
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

A horizontal roof between cerebelar and cerebellar hemisphere.

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13
Q

What are the layers of the dura?

A

meningeal and periostal

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14
Q

what is the diaphragma sellae?

A

small dural fold extending between he 4 clinoid processes roofing the hpophyseal fossa and has a central opening passage of pitutary gland.

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15
Q

What is the blood suply of the dura mater?

A

Occipital v. and vertebral v.
middle meningeal, opthalamic meningeal, accessory meningeal

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16
Q

What is the origin of the middle meningeal artery?

A

The first part of the maxillary artery

17
Q

What is the course of the MMA?

A

Runs upwards to enter the middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum

18
Q

Where is the center of the pterion located?

A

4cm above the middle of zygomatic arch and 3 1/2 cm behind the frontozygomatic suture is grooved on the inside by the middle meningeal vs. its teh thinnest part of the skull and liable to fracture

19
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

MMA rupture usually due to a blow to the pterion

20
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Venous channels lying between the 2 dural layers

21
Q

How can rhinorrhea occur?

A

Head trauma affecting the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone causing a leak of CSF from the anterior cranial fossa to the nasal cavity

22
Q

What is otoorrhea?

A

Head trauma that affects the pterous temporal bone will cause leak of csf from middle cranial fossa into the middle ear then through the external auditory meatus

23
Q

What is the site of the superior saggital sinus?

A

Along the upper attached margin of falx cerbri

24
Q

What is the course of the suprior saggital sinus?

A

Starts anteriorly and runs upwards and backwards
Ends opposie internal occipital protuberance by turning usually to the right side to continue as the right transverse sinus

25
Q

What is the dilated posterior end of the superior sagittal sinus referred to as?

A

Confluence of sinuses

26
Q

What is the cavernous sinus ?

A

A large venous space lying the middle cranial fossa on either side of body of sphenoid bone

27
Q

What is the extent of cavernous sinus?

A

Its anterior end reaches the medial end of superior orbital fissure to its posterior end that reaches the apex of petrous temporal branch

28
Q

What are the structures in the lateral wll of sinus from above to downwards?

A

oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve

29
Q

What structures pass through the sinus?

A

internal carotid artery and abducent nerve

30
Q

What is the cavernous sinus communicate with ?

A

Pterygoid venous plexus via emissary vs.
Facial v. via superior opthalmic v.
Its fellow on the opposite side via 3 intercavernous sinuses

31
Q

Which cranial nerves are affected by thrombosis of cavernous sinus?

A

cRanial nerve III, IV & VI

32
Q

What are the clinical syptoms of thrombsis of cavernous sinus?

A

HIgh fever
Periorbital edema and chemosis (conjunctival edema)
Cranial nerve palsises (most common in cN VI)
Decreased visual acuity

33
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Valveless veins connecting dural sinuses and extracranial veins

NB (13 decks)

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