Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What is the eripheral nervous system made up of?

Answer 1

All parts of the system outside of the bony casings of the skull and spinal column.

Question 2

What is the central nervous system made up of?

Answer 2

All parts inside the skull and spinal column - the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What is the hole at the base of the skull where the brain connects to the spinal cord called?

Answer 3

Foramen magnum

Question 4

What nerves is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

Answer 4

Cranial, Spinal and Peripheral nerves

Question 5

What neurones are in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 5

Sensory and motor neurones

Question 6

What neurones are in the central nervous system?

Answer 6

Relay neurones

Question 7

Define afferent and efferent

Answer 7

Afferent = ascending
Efferent = descending

Question 8

What are interneurones?

Answer 8

Small nerves linking other nerves

Question 9

What is the bundle of spinal nerves that descend inside the spinal column called

Answer 9

Cauda equina

Horses tail

Question 10

Describe how the spinal nerves are named

Answer 10

Cervical spinal nerves are named after the vertebra immediately below - BUT
There is a C8 spinal nerve that exits above T1
From there on down the spinal nerves are named after the vertebra immediately above

Question 11

Define dermatomes

Answer 11

The area of skininnervatedby nerves relatedto a particularsegment of thespinal cord.

Question 12

Define myotomes

Answer 12

Muscles that are innervated by nerves related to a particular segment of the spinal cord.

Question 13

Name some of the main dermatomes in the body

Answer 13

T1-T12 = trunk of the body
L1-L5 = lumbar spine
C2-C8 = collar to 5th metacarpal
S1 = heel

Question 14

Name some of the main myotomes in the body

Answer 14

C5-C8 = shoulder to wrist
T1 = finger abduction
L2 = hip flexion (illiopsoas)
L4 = knee extension (quad fem)
L5 = dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior)
S1 = plantar flexion (gastrocnemius)

Question 15

What are enlargements of the spinal cord in the lowercervical and lumbosacral area known as

Answer 15

Brachial Plexus

Lumbosacral Plexus

Question 16

What do the nervesin the brachialplexus innervate.

Answer 16

Afferent and efferent nervesin the brachialplexus innervate theupper extremities

Question 17

What do the nerves in the lowerlumbosacral plexusinnervate.

Answer 17

Afferent and efferent nerves in the lowerlumbosacral plexusinnervate the lower extremities.

Question 18

Describe gray matter

Answer 18

A collection of neuron cell bodies appeargray

Areas of thecentral nervous system thatare a large collection of cell bodies are called gray matter

Question 19

Describe white matter

Answer 19

Someneuron processesarewrapped in insulatinglayers that arewhite soareas of the central nervous system that area large collection ofneuron processes arecalled white matter.

Question 20

Briefly descibe dorsal roots

Answer 20

Afferent nervesthat come intothe spinal cordare bundled at the backin the dorsal roots.
Thecell bodies of the dorsal rootare outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia.

Question 21

Briefly describe ventral roots

Answer 21

Efferentnerves leaving the spinal cord arebundled together at the front in theventral root.

Question 22

Give some examples of peripheral nerves

Answer 22

Median, ulna and radial nerves

Question 23

What large divisions can the brain be divided into?

Answer 23

Brainstem
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemispheres orcerebrum

Question 24

Describe what the brain stem connects and what it is composed of

Answer 24

Links the cerebrum and the spinal cord
Comprises the medullaoblongata, the midbrain, and the pons
Connects to the cerebellum
Source of the cranial nerves.

Question 25

What is the function of the brainstem

Answer 25

Role in controlling autonomic functions including breathing, heart rate and level of consciousness

Question 26

Where is the source of cranial nerves?

Answer 26

Brainstem

Question 27

How many cranial nerves are in the brainstem?

Answer 27

12 pairs of nerves

Question 28

What is the role of cranial nerves?

Answer 28

Bring information from the special senses and somatic senses of face and head. Involved in hearing, balance, vision, taste, smell Send messages to the muscles of the head and neck

Question 29

What is the diencephalon composed of?

Answer 29

Composed of: Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Question 30

What role does the diencephalon play?

Answer 30

Role in the integration of sensory information and the interpretation of pain

Question 31

Where is the cerebellum?

Answer 31

The cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain stem where the spinal cord meets the brain

Question 32

What is the cerebellum involved in?

Answer 32

Involved in maintaining balance and control

Question 33

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 33

Cortex of gray matter

Question 34

What are the lobes of the cerebrum called?

Answer 34

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

Question 35

Describe the surface of the cerebrum

Answer 35

Wrinkled with hillocks (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

Question 36

Describe the location and role of the frontal lobe

Answer 36

At the front | Responsible for some aspects of movement, behaviour, emotion and higher executive function, expressive speech

Question 37

Describe the location and role of the parietal lobe

Answer 37

Behind the frontal. | Responsible for language, sensation, perception of space

Question 38

Describe the location and role of the occipital lobe

Answer 38

At the back. | Responsible for vision

Question 39

Describe the location and role of the temporal lobe

Answer 39

At the sides. | Responsible for hearing, receptive speech, and memory

Question 40

What is responsible for the actual execution of movement

Answer 40

Primary motor cortex

Question 41

What is involved in the preparation of sensory triggered movement and guiding complete behavioural acts

Answer 41

Premotor cortex

Question 42

What are is involved in the preparation of self-initiated movement

Answer 42

Supplementary motor area

Question 43

What role does the somatosensory Cortex play?

Answer 43

This is involved in the complex processing of sensory information

Question 44

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

Answer 44

Made up of 5 nuclei in the cerebrum, diencephalon and brainstem

Question 45

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 45

Vital in controlling the quality of movement

Question 46

What is the role of the Hippocampus?

Answer 46

In sylvian fissure, important in memory

Question 47

What is the role of the Pituitary Gland?

Answer 47

In the brainstem, secretes hormones

Question 48

What is the role of the Amygdala?

Answer 48

In the temporal lobe and relates to emotions (especially fear)

Question 49

Describe meninges

Answer 49

3 layers of protective fibrous tissue that surrounds the entire nervous system 3 layers = dura matter, arachnoid matter and pia matter

Question 50

Describe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 50

Straw coloured viscous fluid produced in the lateral ventricles Circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space

Question 51

What is the circle of Willis

Answer 51

To limit the possibility of loss of blood supply the brain has evolved a circular vascular anatomy. Made up of 2 blood supplies, so if one fails the other should be able to maintain circulation.

Question 52

What is the myelin sheath in a neuron made up of?

Answer 52

Schwann cells

Question 53

How can neurones be classified?

Answer 53

``` Unipolar = have only one structure Bipolar = has one axon and one dendrite Multipolar = contains one axon and multiple dendrites Pseudounipolar = has a single structure that extends from the soma ```

Question 54

What happens at a synapse?

Answer 54

The synapse is where one neuron meets and communicates with another A chemical messenger (or neurotransmitter) is released from one axon (presynaptic) and picked up by the dendrites of another neuron (postsynaptic).