Bone, muscle, nerve, integument Flashcards
Name and describe the 3 planes of movement
- Sagittal = front to back (spotty dogs)
- Transverse = left to right (tenbury warm up)
- Coronal = side to side (star jumps)
Name and describe the 3 axes of movement
- Longitudinal = head shake
- Horizontal = somersaults
- Antero-posterior = cartwheels
Describe the following terminology:
- Anterior / ventral
- Posterior / dorsal
- Superior
- Inferior
- Proximal
- Distal
- Front
- Back
- Higher than mid line
- Lower than mid line
- Closer to origin
- Further from origin
Describe the following terminology:
- Lateral
- Medial
- Superficial
- Axial region
- Appendicular region
- Lateral view
- Away from mid line
- Towards the mid line
- On the surface
- Head, neck and trunk
- Upper and lower limbs
- Side view
Describe the following prefixes:
- Sub
- Inter
- Hypo
- Inguin
- Epi
- Ante
- Below
- Between
- Below
- Groin
- Above
- Before
Give 5 functions of bones
Support Protection Movement Mineral storage (calcium) Blood cell production (in bone marrow)
Describe the components of bones and what they provide
30% organic matrix (collagen fibers and bone cells), gives the bone flexibility and tensile strength.
70% inorganic salts gives the bone hardness
Describe the gross anatomy of a bone
Epiphysis (ends) : compact and spongy bone
Diaphysis (shaft) : compact bone collar
Describe bone growth and when does it stop
Epiphysial growth plates allow long bones to lengthen. Cartilage cells in the plates divide and is replaced by bone. Growth plates fuse at age 20.
Describe osteoclasts
A cell that nibbles at and breaks down bone and is responsible for bone resorption. “Chomper”
Describe osteocytes
An osteocyte is a bone-forming cell that has become entrapped within the bone matrix (the hard part of the bone). They are mature osteoblasts. “Sitter”
Describe osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are bone forming cells. Of the three types of bone cells, they are the ones that produce the matrix that makes up bone. “Builder”
How can Osteoclast activity affect bones
Osteoclast activity increases you lose bone mass and bones begin to thin. Bone becomes spongy with bigger gaps. Risk of osteporosis.
Why do bones have a spongy inner layer?
Makes the bone lighter
Describe the haversian system
Sheets of bone are curled to form single lamellae which make up the osteon in compact bones. In the centre of the lamellae are haversian canals.
Give 5 functions of skeletal muscle
Movement Posture Communication Stabilise joints Generate heat
What is a fascicle
A small bundle of fibres, usually muscle or nerves
Name and describe the 3 muscle coverings
Epimysium = covers the whole muscle Perimysium = surrounds muscle fascicles Endomysium = surrounds muscle fibre
Describe what myofibrils are and what they are made from
One of the slender threads of a muscle fiber.
Made of myofilaments.
What are myofilaments
Thin and thick strands of protein
Describe the microscopic build up of muscles
Muscle Muscle fascicle (bundle of muscle fibres) Muscle fibres (cell) Myofibrils Myofilaments
What are the 2 functions of nerves
- Carry sensory info from periphery to CNS
2. Carry info from CNS to muscles
Describe the 3 nerve coverings and what they are
Epineurium = covers the whole nerve Perineurium = surrounds the nerve fascicles Endoneurium = surrounds each neuronal axon
They are all fibrous connective tissue
Describe the break down of a nerve
Nerve
Nerve fascicle (bundle)
Axon (part of nerve)
