Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

09- Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the brainstem?

A

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

what are the primary vesicles of the brain?

A

prosencephalon

mesencephalon

rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the secondary vesicles of the brain?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

mesencephalon

metencephalon

myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the derivative of the telencephalon in the mature brain?

A

cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the derivative of the diencephalon in the mature brain?

A

thalamus

hypothalmus

(di-two)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the derivative of the mesencephalon in the mature brain?

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the derivative of the metencephalon in the mature brain?

A

pons

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the derivative of the myelencephalon in the mature brain?

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe astrocytes

A

often star-shaped

support role as well as maintainign BBB/homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin in the CNS (not PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

immune surveillance and antigen presentation

(similar to macrophages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

ciliated cuboidal ‘epithelial like’ cells that line the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the name for a collection of cell bodies within the PNS?

A

ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the structure of the brain in terms of white and grey matter?

A

white medullary centre

lined by grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the inward and outward projections of the brain named?

A

inward projections = sulcus

outward projections = gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the largest white matter tract within the brain?

A

corpus collosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the corpus collosum connect?

A

carries fibres from one hemisphere to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what white matter tract connects the cortex with the spinal cord?

A

internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which cortex is found just behind the central gyrus?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is the white and grey matter arranged in the spinal cord?

A

grey matter found centrally lined by white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the grey matter termed within the spinal cord?

A

anterior and posterior ‘horn’

(white matter termed column)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which of the horns carries motor and sensory information?

A

anterior horn = motor

posterior horn = sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 5 lobes in each hemisphere of the brain?

A

frontal

temporal

occipital

parietal

insula ‘hidden lobe’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

is the epidural space found in the brain?

A

No- only in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what opening allows the CSF to enter the brainstem and spinal cord?

A

central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the internal carotid gives rise to which arteries of the brain?

A

anterior cerebral arteries

middle cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the vertebral arteries give rise to which arteries of the brain?

A

posterior cerebral arteries

basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where do the dural sinsuses drain to?

A

jugular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

found in digestive sytem from oesophagus to the rectum

(myenteric and submucosal plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the name given to the cone-shaped ending of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the conus medullaris continues as a thin connective tissue cord termed what?

A

filum termina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the spinal cord is suspended by a ribbon of tissue on the lateral aspects of the cord- what is this tissue called?

A

denticulate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the arterial blood supply of the spinal cord?

A

three major longitudinal arteries: one anterior and two posterior

33
Q

where do the major longitudinal arteries of the spinal cord originate from?

A

vertebral arteries

vertebral/intercostal/lumbar arteries (lower spinal cord)

radicular arteries

34
Q

pain travels in which spinal tract?

A

spinothalamic tract → synapses immediately travelling across cervical cord does not travel up cord

35
Q

why is the basal ganglia of importance?

A

key in inhibition of movement and facilitation of purposeful movement

36
Q

describe the two pathways of the basal ganglia

A

direct pathway- enhances outflow of thalamus, enhancing desired movement

indirect pathway- inhibits ourflow of thalamus

37
Q

what are the 5 basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

globus pallidus

substantia nigra

subthalamic nucleus

38
Q

where is the substantia nigra found within the brain?

A

cerebellum

39
Q

unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia will affect which side of the body?

A

contralteral side

40
Q

what will lesion of the basal ganglia cause?

A

changes in muscle tone

dyskinesias

tremor

chorea (rapid, asymmetrical movements)

myoclonus (muscle jerks)

41
Q

which pathway of the basal ganglia is damaged in parkinsons disease?

A

indirect pathway

involuntary movement affected

42
Q

which basal ganglia is affected in parkinsons?

A

substantia nigrans

43
Q

degeneration of which neurone is present in parkinsons?

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons

44
Q

progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex is present in which neurological disease?

A

Huntington’s

results in chorea and progressive dementia

45
Q

Huntingtons follows which pattern of inheritance?

A

autosomal dominant

46
Q

what are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior

posterior

flocculus

47
Q

how is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

via three peduncles

(largest is the middle)

48
Q

what is the matter structure of the cerebellum?

A

white matter core

grey matter surrounding (deep cerebellar nuclei)

49
Q

the cerebebellum reciees which kind of signals?

A

sensory signals which it relays to the thalamus

50
Q

sensory signals from the cerebellum to the thalmaus are responsible for what?

A

coordination of body movements

51
Q

which structure runs down the middle of the cerebellum assoc w posture and movement?

A

vermis

52
Q

the cerebellar cortex is divied into which three layers?

A

molecular (outer)

purkinje (middle)

granular (inner)

53
Q

how does the cerebellum recieve input?

A

arrive mainly from spinal cord, cerebral cortex and vestibular apparatus.

enter via cerebellar peduncles and project to granule layer

54
Q

describe output of the cerebellum

A

via axons of purkinje cells synapsing on neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei

(contribute to coordinating functions of motor tracts of brainstem and spinal cord)

55
Q

what is cerebellar input and output termed?

A

input = afferent projections

output = effernet projections

56
Q

unilateral lesion of the cerebellum would result in what?

A

disturbance in coordination of limbs on that side

intention tremor

ataxia

57
Q

bilateral cerebral dysfuntion would result in what?

A

slowed, slurred speech

bilateral incoordination of the arms

cerebellar ataxia

58
Q

what can cause bilateral cerebral dysfunction?

A

acute alcohol exposure

59
Q

how would you describe cerebellar ataxia?

A

staggering wide based gait

60
Q

a midline lesion of the cerebellum would result in what?

A

distrubance of postural control- fall over when standing/sitting

preserved limb coordination

61
Q

motor input to several cranial nerves is through which tract?

A

corticobulbar tract- part of the pyramidal tract

62
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

network of loosely aggregated cells with cell bodies, axons and dendrites in central core of the brainstem

63
Q

the reticular formation is responsible for integratign which functions?

A

integrates cranial nerve reflexes

integrates basic functions like sleep, respiration

influences voluntary movement

64
Q

whta kind of organisation is present in the auditory cortex?

A

tonotopic organisation

spatial arrangement where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain

65
Q

where do fibres carrying low/high frequncy sound end in the auditory cortex?

A

low frequency → anterolateral part

high frequency → posteromedial part

66
Q

what is aphasia?

A

impairment of language affecting production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read and write

67
Q

damage to Broca’s area would result in what?

A

difficulty in producign words

often only use few words, saying only most important ones

no difficulty in comprehending language usually

68
Q

damage to Broca’s area is termed what?

A

Broca’s motor or expressive aphasia

69
Q

damage to wernicke’s area would result in what?

A

difficulty comprehending language

maifest defects ranginf from worsd out of order to meaningless words

70
Q

damage to wernicke’s area is termed what?

A

wenicke’s, sensory or recpetive aphasia

71
Q

the projection of vestibular information onto the cerebral cortex is bilateral/unilateral?

A

bilateral and less defined than other senses

72
Q

the lower visual field projects to the gyrus superior or inferior to calcarine sulcus?

A

lower visual field → gyrus superior to calcarine sulcus

upper visual field → gyrus inferior to calcarine sulcus

73
Q

where does the macula project to?

A

posterior pole of the visual cortex

74
Q

describe Meyer’s loop

A

fibres carrying information from upper half of visual field first loop anteriorly around the temporal part of the lateral ventricle

75
Q

the visual cortex is resposible for what eye movements?

A

tracking moving objects

(tends to be smooth)

76
Q

the frontal eye fields controls which eye movements?

A

movements of command, movements independant of visual stimuli

tend to be jumpy (saccadic)

77
Q

what is meant by the dominant cerebral hemisphere?

A

for some ‘higher’ functions one hemisphere will take the lead

extent of dominance varies but generally high for language functions

78
Q

what are the three types of fibre in white matter?

A

association fibres

commisural fibres

projection fibres

79
Q

what is the fucntion of the association fibres of white matter?

A

connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere

80
Q

what is the funcition of the commisural fibres?

A

connect one hemisphere to the other

81
Q

what is the function of projection fibres?

A

connect hemispheres to deeper structures including thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord

09- Neurology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions