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09- Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the brainstem?

A

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

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1
Q

what are the primary vesicles of the brain?

A

prosencephalon

mesencephalon

rhombencephalon

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2
Q

what are the secondary vesicles of the brain?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

mesencephalon

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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3
Q

what is the derivative of the telencephalon in the mature brain?

A

cerebral hemisphere

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4
Q

what is the derivative of the diencephalon in the mature brain?

A

thalamus

hypothalmus

(di-two)

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5
Q

what is the derivative of the mesencephalon in the mature brain?

A

midbrain

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6
Q

what is the derivative of the metencephalon in the mature brain?

A

pons

cerebellum

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7
Q

what is the derivative of the myelencephalon in the mature brain?

A

medulla oblongata

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8
Q

describe astrocytes

A

often star-shaped

support role as well as maintainign BBB/homeostasis

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9
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin in the CNS (not PNS)

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10
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

immune surveillance and antigen presentation

(similar to macrophages)

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11
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

ciliated cuboidal ‘epithelial like’ cells that line the ventricles

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12
Q

what is the name for a collection of cell bodies within the PNS?

A

ganglion

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13
Q

what is the structure of the brain in terms of white and grey matter?

A

white medullary centre

lined by grey matter

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14
Q

what are the inward and outward projections of the brain named?

A

inward projections = sulcus

outward projections = gyrus

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15
Q

what is the largest white matter tract within the brain?

A

corpus collosum

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16
Q

what does the corpus collosum connect?

A

carries fibres from one hemisphere to the other

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17
Q

what white matter tract connects the cortex with the spinal cord?

A

internal capsule

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18
Q

which cortex is found just behind the central gyrus?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

how is the white and grey matter arranged in the spinal cord?

A

grey matter found centrally lined by white matter

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20
Q

what is the grey matter termed within the spinal cord?

A

anterior and posterior ‘horn’

(white matter termed column)

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21
Q

which of the horns carries motor and sensory information?

A

anterior horn = motor

posterior horn = sensory

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22
Q

what are the 5 lobes in each hemisphere of the brain?

A

frontal

temporal

occipital

parietal

insula ‘hidden lobe’

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23
Q

is the epidural space found in the brain?

A

No- only in spinal cord

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24
what opening allows the CSF to enter the brainstem and spinal cord?
central canal
25
the internal carotid gives rise to which arteries of the brain?
anterior cerebral arteries middle cerebral arteries
26
the vertebral arteries give rise to which arteries of the brain?
posterior cerebral arteries basilar artery
27
where do the dural sinsuses drain to?
jugular foramen
28
what is the enteric nervous system?
found in digestive sytem from oesophagus to the rectum (myenteric and submucosal plexus)
29
what is the name given to the cone-shaped ending of the spinal cord?
conus medullaris
30
the conus medullaris continues as a thin connective tissue cord termed what?
filum termina
31
the spinal cord is suspended by a ribbon of tissue on the lateral aspects of the cord- what is this tissue called?
denticulate ligament
32
what is the arterial blood supply of the spinal cord?
three major longitudinal arteries: one anterior and two posterior
33
where do the major longitudinal arteries of the spinal cord originate from?
vertebral arteries vertebral/intercostal/lumbar arteries (lower spinal cord) radicular arteries
34
pain travels in which spinal tract?
spinothalamic tract → synapses immediately travelling across cervical cord does not travel up cord
35
why is the basal ganglia of importance?
key in inhibition of movement and facilitation of purposeful movement
36
describe the two pathways of the basal ganglia
direct pathway- enhances outflow of thalamus, enhancing desired movement indirect pathway- inhibits ourflow of thalamus
37
what are the 5 basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus
38
where is the substantia nigra found within the brain?
cerebellum
39
unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia will affect which side of the body?
contralteral side
40
what will lesion of the basal ganglia cause?
changes in muscle tone dyskinesias tremor chorea (rapid, asymmetrical movements) myoclonus (muscle jerks)
41
which pathway of the basal ganglia is damaged in parkinsons disease?
indirect pathway involuntary movement affected
42
which basal ganglia is affected in parkinsons?
substantia nigrans
43
degeneration of which neurone is present in parkinsons?
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
44
progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex is present in which neurological disease?
Huntington's results in chorea and progressive dementia
45
Huntingtons follows which pattern of inheritance?
autosomal dominant
46
what are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior posterior flocculus
47
how is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?
via three peduncles | (largest is the middle)
48
what is the matter structure of the cerebellum?
white matter core grey matter surrounding (deep cerebellar nuclei)
49
the cerebebellum reciees which kind of signals?
sensory signals which it relays to the thalamus
50
sensory signals from the cerebellum to the thalmaus are responsible for what?
coordination of body movements
51
which structure runs down the middle of the cerebellum assoc w posture and movement?
vermis
52
the cerebellar cortex is divied into which three layers?
molecular (outer) purkinje (middle) granular (inner)
53
how does the cerebellum recieve input?
arrive mainly from spinal cord, cerebral cortex and vestibular apparatus. enter via cerebellar peduncles and project to granule layer
54
describe output of the cerebellum
via axons of purkinje cells synapsing on neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei (contribute to coordinating functions of motor tracts of brainstem and spinal cord)
55
what is cerebellar input and output termed?
input = afferent projections output = effernet projections
56
unilateral lesion of the cerebellum would result in what?
disturbance in coordination of limbs on that side intention tremor ataxia
57
bilateral cerebral dysfuntion would result in what?
slowed, slurred speech bilateral incoordination of the arms cerebellar ataxia
58
what can cause bilateral cerebral dysfunction?
acute alcohol exposure
59
how would you describe cerebellar ataxia?
staggering wide based gait
60
a midline lesion of the cerebellum would result in what?
distrubance of postural control- fall over when standing/sitting preserved limb coordination
61
motor input to several cranial nerves is through which tract?
corticobulbar tract- part of the pyramidal tract
62
what is the reticular formation?
network of loosely aggregated cells with cell bodies, axons and dendrites in central core of the brainstem
63
the reticular formation is responsible for integratign which functions?
integrates cranial nerve reflexes integrates basic functions like sleep, respiration influences voluntary movement
64
whta kind of organisation is present in the auditory cortex?
tonotopic organisation spatial arrangement where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain
65
where do fibres carrying low/high frequncy sound end in the auditory cortex?
low frequency → anterolateral part high frequency → posteromedial part
66
what is aphasia?
impairment of language affecting production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read and write
67
damage to Broca's area would result in what?
difficulty in producign words often only use few words, saying only most important ones no difficulty in comprehending language usually
68
damage to Broca's area is termed what?
Broca's motor or expressive aphasia
69
damage to wernicke's area would result in what?
difficulty comprehending language maifest defects ranginf from worsd out of order to meaningless words
70
damage to wernicke's area is termed what?
wenicke's, sensory or recpetive aphasia
71
the projection of vestibular information onto the cerebral cortex is bilateral/unilateral?
bilateral and less defined than other senses
72
the lower visual field projects to the gyrus superior or inferior to calcarine sulcus?
lower visual field → gyrus superior to calcarine sulcus upper visual field → gyrus inferior to calcarine sulcus
73
where does the macula project to?
posterior pole of the visual cortex
74
describe Meyer's loop
fibres carrying information from upper half of visual field first loop anteriorly around the temporal part of the lateral ventricle
75
the visual cortex is resposible for what eye movements?
tracking moving objects | (tends to be smooth)
76
the frontal eye fields controls which eye movements?
movements of command, movements independant of visual stimuli tend to be jumpy (saccadic)
77
what is meant by the dominant cerebral hemisphere?
for some 'higher' functions one hemisphere will take the lead extent of dominance varies but generally high for language functions
78
what are the three types of fibre in white matter?
association fibres commisural fibres projection fibres
79
what is the fucntion of the association fibres of white matter?
connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere
80
what is the funcition of the commisural fibres?
connect one hemisphere to the other
81
what is the function of projection fibres?
connect hemispheres to deeper structures including thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord

09- Neurology (16 decks)

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