Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

describe an essential tremor?

A

postural or action tremor

(rather than resting tremor seen in parkinsons)

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2
Q

essential tremor is a trait gained throigh which pattern of inheritance?

A

autosomal dominant

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3
Q

what can imrpove essential tremor?

A

often improves after alcohol

can be helped by B blockers (propanolol)

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4
Q

lesions in the cerebellum or its pathways can cause which tremor?

A

intention tremor

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5
Q

other than intention tremor what other cerebellar pathway tremor is there?

A

Holmes (rubral) tremor

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6
Q

describe holmes tremor?

A

tripartite tremor incorporating tremor at rest, postural tremor and intention tremor

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7
Q

what common movement disorder is characterised by involuntary muscle spasms leading to abnormal postures of affected body part?

A

dystonia

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8
Q

what are the possible treatment for dystonia?

A

anticholinergics

botulinum toxin (used first line if focal dystonia)

surgery

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9
Q

describe chorea?

A

continuous spontaneous jerky movements, irregularly timed and randomly distributed

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10
Q

what pattern of inheritance is seen in Huntingtons?

A

autosomal dominant

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11
Q

mutation in which gene causes huntingtons?

A

HTT gene

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12
Q

the HTT mutation invloved which segment of DNA?

A

CAG segment

usually repeats 10-30 times, mutation result in 30 to >120 repeats

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13
Q

what are early signs of Huntingtons?

A

personality changes

depression

apathy

dysarthria

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14
Q

progression of huntigntons will lead to what?

A

chorea

rigidity

dementia

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15
Q

what neurotransmoitters are affected in Huntington’s?

A

decreased GABA

decreased ACh

increased dopamine

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16
Q

what drug can be of use in Huntongton’s?

A

tetrabenazine (anti-choreic)

works by inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)- limits dopamine vesicle packing and release

17
Q

what is Sydenhams chorea?

A

manifestation of rheumatic fever

occurs n children 5-15yrs old

18
Q

what is seen in sydenhams chorea?

A

widespread chorea

behvaioural disturbance

OCD symtpoms

19
Q

how is Sydenhams chorea treated?

A

self limiting and usually resolves within 6 months

20
Q

describe tics

A

brief rapid intermittent stereotyped involuntary movements or sounds

(can be simple/complex)

21
Q

what is seen in Gilles de la Tourette syndromewhat ?

A

multiple motor tics and one or more phonic/ vocal tics

22
Q

what is the maximum age of onset of tourettes syndrome?

23
Q

what is the most common first tic?

A

blinking

most tics usally begin in head and face

24
Q

what are simple vocal tics and complex vocal tics?

A

simple: sniffing, throat clearing, snorting, coughing

complex: barking, animal noises, inappropriate voice intonations

25
what percentage of those with tourettes have a psychiatric co-morbidity?
90% most common is ADHD followed by OCD
26
what is the preferred treatment if mild tourettes?
counselling behavioural/ psychosocial interventions habit reversal training
27
if medicaiton is to be used in tourettes what is considered best option for tic control?
risperidone
28
if tourettes with co-existing ADHD what is the treatment of choice?
clonidine (wiht or without risperidone)
29
what movement disorder if characterised by a sudden brief, shock-like movement caused by muscular contraction or inhibition?
myoclonus
30
myoclonus can be a symtpom of which neurodegenerative disease?
wilsons huntingtons multiple system atrophy severe hypoxia (lance adams)
31
what is hemiballism?
wild flinging/throwing of one arm or leg usually result of cerebrovascular lesion to subthalamic nucleus
32
restless leg syndrome is classically seen at what time?
night time also occurs when tryign to relax when sitting or lying down during the day
33
what can instantly relieve restless leg syndrome?
getting up and wlakign about
34
iron deficiency, uraemia and pregnancy are assoc w what movement disorder?
restless leg syndrome
35
restless leg syndrome has a positive response to which drug?
dopamine agonists | (pramipexole)