Anatomy

Question 1

what is the name for a collection of cell bodies in the CNS and the PNS?

Answer 1

CNS- nucleus

PNS- ganglion

Question 2

nerves can be what kind of ‘modality’?

Answer 2

single modality

mixed modality

Question 3

describe single modailty nerves?

Answer 3

one of:

somatic motor

somatic sensory

special sensory

sympathetic/parasympathetic/visceral afferent

Question 4

decribe mixed modailty nerves?

Answer 4

somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic all in one

Question 5

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 5

31 pairs

Question 6

how do spinal nerves connect with structures of the soma (body)?

Answer 6

via rami

Question 7

spinal nerves are only found within what structure?

Answer 7

intervertebral foramina

Question 8

describe the path of sensory axons

Answer 8

spinal nerve→ posterior root→ posterior rootlet→ posterior horn of spinal cord

Question 9

describe the path of motor axons

Answer 9

anterior horn of spinal cord→ anterior rootlet→ anterior root→ spinal nerve

Question 10

each spinal nerve supplies a body segment with what?

Answer 10

general snesory supply

somaotic motor to skeletal muscle

sympathetic nerve supply to skin/arterioles

Question 11

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

Answer 11

C1-C4

Question 12

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

Answer 12

C5-T1

Question 13

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the lumbar plexus?

Answer 13

L1-L4

Question 14

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the sacral plexus?

Answer 14

L5-S4

Question 15

what are the 4 routes of sympathetic outflow within the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 15

1. ascend then synapse
2. synapase at level of entry
3. descend and then synapse
4. pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsing and enter abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve

Question 16

presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via which cranial nerves?

Answer 16

2,7,9,10

(optic, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)

Question 17

what are the extrinsic muscles of the back?

Answer 17

levator scapulae

rhomboids

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

Question 18

what is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 18

move upper limb

Question 19

what is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 19

maintain back posture and move spine

Question 20

what are the two groups of intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 20

erector spinae (superficical)

tranversospinalis (deep)

Question 21

what muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine?

Answer 21

psoas major

rectus abdominus

Question 22

contraction of erector spinae bilaterally causes what movement?

Answer 22

extension of spine

(unilateral contraction causes lateral flexion)

Question 23

what are the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments?

Answer 23

supraspinous- connects tips of spinous processes (strong/fibrous)

interspinous- connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes (weak/membranous)

Question 24

where are intervertebral discs found?

Answer 24

between bodies of adjacent verebrae

(can herniate)

Question 25

what are facet joints?

Answer 25

between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae (can be affected by arthritis)

Question 26

what are the two types of tissue in intervertebral discs?

Answer 26

outer fibrous ring- annulus fibrosis inner soft pulp- nucleus pulposus

Question 27

of the anterior and posterior ligaments of the spine which is stronger?

Answer 27

anterior- broad strong posterior- narrow, weak

Question 28

what is the first palpable spinous process in 70% of people?

Answer 28

C7- vertebrae prominens

Question 29

where does the spinal cord begin/end?

Answer 29

begins at foramen magnum and ends at L1/2 (conus medullaris)

Question 30

how many stages of cervical vertebrae dislocation are there?

Answer 30

A- stage 1, flexion sprain B- stage 2, anterior subluxation C- stage 3, 50% translation D- stage 4, complete dislocation

Question 31

what are somatic general sensory symptoms?

Answer 31

pain (neuralgia) paraethesia numbness sensitivity (hyperpaesthesia) hot or cold ataxia

Question 32

what are some motor symptoms?

Answer 32

muscle stiffness, tightness, spasm muscle floppiness (reduced tone) muscular wekaness (reduced power) ataxia

Question 33

how are spinal nerves tested clinically?

Answer 33

sensory function → dermatomes motor function → mytotomes both → spinal reflexes

Question 34

how do spinal nerves differ from named nerves?

Answer 34

spinal nerve = axons originating from one spinal cord i.e. C5 spinal nerve named nerve = axons originating from one or more spinal levels supplying particular area i.e. C5,6,7 musculocutaneous nerve

Question 35

spinal cord reflexes depend on the integrity of which pathway?

Answer 35

the arc pathway

Question 36

reflex muscle contractions are controlled by descending/ascending pathways?

Answer 36

descending pathways

Question 37

how do UMN lesions affect reflexes?

Answer 37

spasticity

Question 38

how do LMN lesions affect reflexes?

Answer 38

flaccidity

Question 39

what are the different spinal reflexes that can be tested clinically?

Answer 39

biceps brachii- C5,6 brachioradialis- C7 triceps brachii C7 knee jerk L3 ankle jerk S1

Question 40

what are the layers of the scalp?

Answer 40

skin connective tissue aponeurosis loose conenctiev tissue pericranium

Question 41

what artery can be found behind the pterion?

Answer 41

middle meingeal artery

Question 42

CSF is reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses via what structure?

Answer 42

arachnoid granulations

Question 43

which of the internal and external carotid arteries enters the cranial cavity?

Answer 43

internal carotid enters cranial cavity to supply brain external carotid remains outisde cavity to supply neck, face and scalp

Question 44

how do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 44

passes trhough vertebral foramina in cervical vertebrae then through foramen magnum

Question 45

subarachnoid bleeds are termed what?

Answer 45

berry aneurysms (ruptured circle of willis) (can also be due to congenital aneurysms)

Question 46

how does an extradural bleed occur?

Answer 46

ruptured middle menigial artery- trauma to pterion

Question 47

how does a subdural bleed occur?

Answer 47

torn cerbral veins falls in elderly/those w drinkign problems

Question 48

compression of teh oculomotor nerve by an uncal herniation results inw hat clinical sign?

Answer 48

ipsilateral fixed dialted pupil 'blown pupil'