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Y3 Neurology Anatomy > Neuroanatomy 3: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 3: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Involved in planning intended movement in motor cortex and feeding it to the CST for movement to occur

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2
Q

What is the basal ganglia? What is their role?

A

Series of grey matter structures key to initiation and inhibition of movement
Role in posture and muscle tone

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3
Q

How is white and grey matter distributed in the cerebellum?

A

Core of white matter

Grey matter outside

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4
Q

What exists anterosuperiorly, posteriorely and superiorly to the cerebellum respectively?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Pons and medulla
Lateral fissure

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5
Q

List the lobes that combine to form the cerebellum

A

Anterior
Posterior
Floccolus (‘ear’) - part of flocculonodular lobe

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6
Q

List the fissures that exist within the cerebellum and give their position

A

Primary (between anterior and posterior)

Horizontal (splits posterior)

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7
Q

What cavity does the cerebellum exist within? What cavities exists superiorly and posteriorly to this?

A

Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli

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8
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

Via 3 peduncles - superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

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9
Q

Which is the largest cerebellar peduncle?

A

Middle

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10
Q

What parts of the cerebellum can be attributed to its function?

A

Vermis (line down middle of A and P lobe)

Grey matter within the core (series of nuclei that communicate outputs from the cerebellum)

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cortex from outside to inside?

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granule cell layer

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12
Q

Where do afferent inputs to the cerebellum arrive from? (3)

A

MOTOR
Spinal cord (via somatic proprioceptors and pressure receptors)
Cerebral cortex (via pons)
Vestibular apparatus via nuclei

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13
Q

Where in the cerebellum do afferent projections enter and project to?

A

Cerebellar peduncle

Granular layer

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14
Q

Where does the efferent output from the cerebellum come from? What is the function of this?

A

Axons of purkinje cells

Coordinate function of all motor tracts

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15
Q

Where do efferent outputs from the cerebellum synapse? What happens after this?

A

Thalamus

Sends fibres to motor cortex

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16
Q

A lesion to a cerebellar hemisphere would cause symptoms on the ipsilateral side. True/False?

A

True

17
Q

What symptoms would we expect from a lesion to a unilateral hemisphere?

A

Coordination problems - intention tremor, unsteady gait

18
Q

What symptoms would we expect from a lesion to bilateral hemispheres?

A 
Speech problems (Dysarthria)
Gait problems (Ataxic gait)
19
Q

What symptoms would we expect from a lesion to the midline of the cerebellum?

A

Posture problems - falls over when standing

20
Q

List some basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen and globus pallidus (lentiform nucleus)
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra

21
Q

What is the striatum of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

22
Q

What is the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

23
Q

What does the lentiform nucleus look like?

A 
Globus pallidus (two stripes)
Putamen (lentil)
24
Q

What does the caudate nuclei look like?

A

Horn

25
Q

What is located lateral and medial to the internal capsule (white matter tract)?

A

Lentiform nucleus

Thalamic nuclei

26
Q

What does the substantia nigra look like? Where is it located in the brainstem?

A

Black lines

Midbrain

27
Q

What disease is characterised by degeneration of dopaminergic neurones of substantia nigra?

A

Parkinsons Disease

28
Q

What pathway is used to enhance normal movement by the basal ganglia?

A

Direct pathway

Enhance outflow of thalamus

29
Q

What pathway is used to inhibit unwanted movement by the basal ganglia?

A

Indirect pathway

Inhibit outflow of thalamus

30
Q

Unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect the ipsilateral side. True/ False?

A

False

Affect contralateral side

31
Q

What symptoms would we expect from a lesion to the basal ganglia?

A

Change in muscle tone
Dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary movement) inc. tremor, chorea (rapid asymmetrical movements typically by the distal limbs), myoclonus (muscle jerks)

32
Q

What symptoms would we expect in Parkinsons Disease?

A

REDUCED OUTPUT TO CORTEX
Akinesia (impairment of the power of voluntary movement)
Rigidity
Resting tremor

33
Q

What is Huntingdon’s Disease?

A

Progressive degeneration of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

34
Q

What are the folds in the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

Y3 Neurology Anatomy (12 decks)

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