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Y3 Neurology Anatomy > Neuroanatomy 1: Overview of Nervous System > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1: Overview of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system can be divided into…

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs spinal nerves and branches

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2
Q

What is the first structure the brain develops from?

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

What primary vesicles does the neural tube divide into? When does this occur?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
4 weeks

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4
Q

What secondary vesicles are formed from the primary vesicles of the brain? When does this occur?

A

1st and 3rd divide at 6-8 weeks:

Prosencephalon forms telencephalon and diencephalon
Mesencephalon remains the same
Rombencephalon forms melencephalon and mylencephalon

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5
Q

What structures of the brain evolve from the 5 secondary vesicles?

A 
Top - toe order...
Telencephalon ---> Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon ---> Thalamus, hypothalamus
Mesencephalon ---> Midbrain
Melencephalon ---> Pons, cerebellum
Myelencephalon ---> Medulla oblongata
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6
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

What is the role of neurones, principle cells of the CNS?

A

‘Communicators’ that recieve info via synapses, integrate it and then transmit electrical impulses to another neurone or effector cell

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8
Q

Most neurones are multipolar/ unipolar?

A

Multipolar

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9
Q

What is the basic structure of a neurone?

A

Dendrites
One axon
Cell body

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10
Q

What are the four types of glial ‘glue’ cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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11
Q

What is the most numerous cell in the CNS?

A

Glial cells

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12
Q

What is the role of astrocytes? What do they look like?

A

Roles in support, maintain blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis
Star shape

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13
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes? What do they look like?

A

Produce myelin in the CNS

Round nucleus which is stained

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14
Q

What is the role of microglia? What do they look like?

A

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation (don’t originate from CNS)
Similar to macrophages

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15
Q

What is the role of ependymal? What do they look like?

A 
Line ventricles (no barrier to CSF)
Square-shaped cells that are 'epithelium like'
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16
Q

What three structures give rise to the bumpy surface of the brain?

A

Gyrus (bumps)
Sulcus (grooves)
Fissures (deeper than sulcus)

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17
Q

The white matter of the brain contains ___ and is found on the inside/outside of the brain which is the opposite to the spinal cord

A

Axons, glial cells, blood vessels

Inside

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18
Q

The grey matter of the brain contains ___ and is found on the inside/outside of the brain which is the opposite to the spinal cord

A

Neurones, cell processes, synapses, glia, blood vessels
Outside
(H pattern in spinal cord)

19
Q

The posterior fibres in the spinal cord are involved in motor/sensory information whereas the anterior fibres convey motor/sensory information

A

Sensory from dorsal (posterior) horn

Motor from the ventral (anterior) horn

20
Q

The postcentral gyrus is associated with what type of cortex?

A

Somatosensory

21
Q

The precentral gyrus is associated with what type of cortex?

A

Somatomotor

22
Q

The lentiform nucleus can be split into…

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

23
Q

What is the functions of the corpus callosum?

A

Connects both hemispheres of the brain

Connects brain to spinal cord

24
Q

What is the name for the touching part between the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

25
Q

Columns in the spinal cord are composed of ___ matter, whereas horns are composed of ___ matter

A

White

Grey

26
Q

Which sulci border the frontal lobe posteriorly and inferiorly respectively?

A

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus

27
Q

Which sulci border the parietal lobe anteriorly, inferiorly and posteriorly respectively?

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus (to preoccipital notch)

28
Q

Which sulci border the occipital lobe anteriorly?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

29
Q

Which sulci border the temporal lobe superiorly, inferiorly and medially respectively?

A

Lateral sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus (to preoccipital notch)
Calcarine sulcus (to preoccipital notch)

30
Q

What is known as the fifth or ‘hidden’ lobe?

A

Insular lobe or insula

31
Q

What fissure extends down between the cerebral hemispheres splitting the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

32
Q

What are the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid matter
    (Subarachnoid space)
  3. Pia matter
33
Q

Where does CSF drain to?

A

Subarachnoid space (and some to central canal of spinal cord)

34
Q

Outline the route taken by CSF

A

Lateral Vs - Interventricular foramen - 3rd V - cerebral aqueduct - 4th V - SA space

35
Q

What is known as the 3rd nervous system? Where is it located? What is it divided into?

A

Enteric nervous system
In digestive system (Oesophagus - rectum)

2 wall plexuses

  1. Myenteric (between SM)
  2. Submucosal (submucosa)
36
Q

Outline the blood supply to the brain, splitting it into two systems

A

INTERNAL CAROTID SYSTEM
Anterior cerebral arteries
Middle cerebral arteries
Internal carotid arteries (form MCA)

VERTEBROBASILAR SYSTEM
Basilar artery
Vertebral arteries

37
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A

An arterial polygon formed as the internal carotid and vertebral systems anastomose around the optic chiasm and infundibulum of the pituitary stalk

38
Q

What territory of the brain is supplied by the ACA, MCA and PCA respectively?

A

Medial frontal lobe
Lateral frontal lobe, parietal lobe and temporal lobe
Mostly occipital lobe

39
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the brain

A

Blood drains into intercavernous and cavernous dural venous sinuses, then into jugular foramen and finally the internal jugular vein

40
Q

What is meant by the term ‘cortical localization’?

A

Some higher functions are greater in one cerebral hemisphere - this is the dominant hemisphere

41
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter tracts in the brain?

A

Association fibres - connect cortical sites lying in same hemisphere

Commissural fibres - connect one hemisphere to other

Projection fibres - connect hemispheres to deeper structures including thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord

42
Q

A stroke in the ACA would produce what symptoms? Be specific.

A

Contralateral weakness in the foot/leg

Contralateral sensory loss in the foot/leg

43
Q

A stroke in the MCA would produce what symptoms. Be specific

A

Contralateral weakness in the arm/hand/face

Contralateral sensory loss in the arm/hand/face

Y3 Neurology Anatomy (12 decks)

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