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Y3 Neurology Anatomy > Anatomy 2: Back, Spine and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Anatomy 2: Back, Spine and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What vertebrae can be palpated first on the back?

A

T1 spinous process

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2
Q

What do skin dimples on the lower back represent?

A

PSIS

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3
Q

What are the three parts of the trapezius, relative to their position on the back?

A

Descending (superior)
Transverse (middle)
Ascending (inferior)

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4
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle can be palpated on the back?

A

Teres major

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5
Q

Which muscle may be affected in lower back pain?

A

Erector spinae

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6
Q

What are the extrinsic back muscles (top - bottom), and what do they attach to?

A 
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major and minor
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
PECTORAL GIRDLE
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7
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Move upper limb

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8
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Maintain posture and extend the spine (ES) or rotate the spine (TVSPS)

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9
Q

What is the main superficial intrinsic back muscle? Where does it attach inferiorly?

A

Erector spinae

Common tendon to sacrum and iliac crest

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10
Q

What are the divisions of the erector spinae, and thus where do they attach superiorly?

A

Rib (Costalis)
Transverse process of vertebra (Longus)
Spinous process of vertebra (Spinous)

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11
Q

What is the main deep intrinsic back muscle? Where is it located?

A

Transversospinalis

Within grooves between transverse and spinous processes

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12
Q

Where do the muscle fibres of transversospinalis attach between?

A

Vertebra and skull
Vertebra and rib
One vertebra and another
Sacrum and vertebra

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13
Q

What is the nerve supply to the back muscles?

A

Segmental (as per dermatome/ myotome)

Via posterior ramii branches (cervical , thoracic, lumbar)

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14
Q

What muscles lie laterally to the vertebral column?

A

MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR ABDO WALL
Psoas major
Quadratus lomborum

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15
Q

What muscles lie posterally to the vertebral column?

A

INTRINSIC BACK MUSCLES
Transversospinalis
Erector spinae

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16
Q

What muscles lie laterally to the posterior abdominal wall muscles?

A 
MUSCLE OF UL
Latissimus dorsi
MUSCLES OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDO WALL
Transverse abdominus
Internal oblique
External oblique
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17
Q

If the erector spinae muscle contracts bilaterally the spine will undergo…

A

Extension

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18
Q

If the erector spinae muscle contracts unilaterally the spine will undergo …

A

Lateral flexion

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19
Q

What muscles control flexion of the spine?

A

Rectus abdominus

Psoas major

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20
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?

A

33

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21
Q

How are the vertebrae divided?

A 
7 cervical (C1 - C8)
12 thoracic (T1 - T12)
5 lumbar (L1 - L5)
5 sacral (1 sacrum)
4 coccygeal (1 coccyx)
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22
Q

What are the 3 functions of the vertebrae?

A

Support head and trunk when upright
Protect spinal cord and nerves
Allow movement of head on neck and trunk

23
Q

What are the main curvatures of the spine and are they primary or secondary?

A 
Cervical lordosis (2)
Lumbar lordosis (2)
Thoracic kyphosis (1)
Sacral kyphosis (1)
24
Q

What curvature pathology is caused by excessive anterior weight e.g. in pregnancy or obesity?

A

Excessive lumbar lordosis

25
Q

What curvature pathology is caused by old age typically?

A

Excessive thoracic kyphosis

26
Q

List the parts of a vertebra

A

Spinous process x 1
Transverse process x 2
Inferior and superior articular processes x 4
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral body
Vertebral arch (made up of 2 x pedicle (superior) and 2 x lamina)

27
Q

What type of joint is the articulation between articular processes and adjacent vertebrae?

A

Synovial facet joint

28
Q

Which structure contains and protects the spinal cord and nerves?

A

Intervertebral foramen

29
Q

What joints are affected in arthritis of the spine?

A

Facet joint

30
Q

Where are IV discs found? What are they at risk of?

A

Between adjacent vertebral bodies

Disc herniation

31
Q

Where is there an abscence of IV discs?

A

Between C1 and C2

32
Q

Describe the structure of an IV disc

A

Outer fibrous ring - annulus fibrosis

Inner soft pulp - nucleus pulposis

33
Q

Which short ligament connects the adjacent lamina posteriorly to the spinal cord?

A

Ligamentum flavum

34
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Narrow and weak

Prevents overflexion

35
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Broad and strong

Prevents overextension

36
Q

What is the function of the supraspinous ligaments?

A

Strong, fibrous

Connects tips of spinous processes

37
Q

What is the function of the interspinous ligaments?

A

Weak, membranous

Connect superior and inferior parts of adjacent spinous processes

38
Q

List the ligaments of the vertebral column

A 
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Supraspinous ligaments
Interspinous ligaments
39
Q

Which vertebra are classed as atypical and why?

A

C1: ATLAS - no body or spinous process - A + P arch instead
C2: AXIS - odontoid process, which projects superiorly from body
C7: VERTEBRA PROMINENS - 1st palpable spinous process

40
Q

Which ligament connects C1 and C2 vertebra?

A

Transverse ligament

41
Q

Where does the atlanto-occipital joint connect?

A

Between occipital condyles of C1 and superior articular facets of atlas

42
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint? What is it’s function?

A

Synovial joint
Flexion and extension of neck (yes, no)
Some lateral flexion and rotation

43
Q

Where does the atlanto-axial joint connect?

A

3 articulations
2 x inferior articular facets of atlas and superior articular facets of axis
1 x anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process of axis

44
Q

What is the main role of the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Rotation

45
Q

What are the names given to the area at the top and bottom of the sacral canal?

A

Sacral promontory

Sacral hiatus

46
Q

What are commonly classed as the ‘wings’ of the sacrum?

A

Left and right ala

47
Q

What exists within the sacral canal?

A

Cauda equina

Meninges

48
Q

Which part of the sacrum is palpable?

A

Sacral hiatus

49
Q

Which part of the sacrum is caudal anaesthesia inserted into to anaesthetise sacral spinal roots?

A

Sacral hiatus

50
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A 
Foramen magnum (C1)
Vertebral level L1/L2 (Co1 segment)
51
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

All spinal nerve routes from L2 to Co that have descended to numbered vertebra where the spinal nerve is in IV foramen

52
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded by?

A 
3 layers of meninges (dura, arachnoid matter, pia)
Epidural fat (and venous plexuses)
53
Q

What is a laminectomy?

A

Removal of 1 or more spinous processes and adjacent lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord/ nerve roots

Y3 Neurology Anatomy (12 decks)

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