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Y3 Neurology Anatomy > Anatomy 1: Revision of PNS > Flashcards

Anatomy 1: Revision of PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

Increase surface area

Communicate with adjacent neurones

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2
Q

What is the role of myelin sheath?

A

Coat axons to help speed up action potentials

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3
Q

What is the myelin sheath produced by in the PNS versus the CNS?

A

Shwann cells

Oligodendrocyte

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4
Q

What are the two types of neurones?

A

Multipolar - 2 or more dendrites and cell body in CNS

Unipolar - double process (pseudounipolar) and cell body in PNS

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5
Q

What neurones are classed as multipolar?

A

All motor neurones of SkM and ANS (pre-synaptic)

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6
Q

What neurones are classed as unipolar?

A

Sensory post-synaptic neurones in the ANS

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7
Q

In what direction do efferent impulses move?

A

MOTOR - Exits brain and moves towards body wall, cavity or organ

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8
Q

In what direction do afferent impulses move?

A

SENSORY - impulse Arrives at brain

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9
Q

What is a nerve? What is this referred to in the CNS?

A

Collection of axons surrounded by CT and blood vessels

Tract

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10
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Single modality - one of somatic motor/ sensory, special sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic or visceral afferent

Mixed modality - somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic all in one nerve

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11
Q

A tract is most likely to be single modality. True/ False?

A

True

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12
Q

Give the first cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

1 (CNI) Olfactory - Cribiform plate (Forebrain) - Sensory (special) - Smell

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13
Q

Give the second cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

2 (CNII) Optic - Optic canal (Forebrain) Sensory (special) - Vision

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14
Q

Give the third cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

3 (CNIII) Oculomotor - Superior orbital fissure (Midbrain) -Motor - 4 extrinsic eye muscles and levator palpebrae superioris
- PS - pupillary sphincter

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15
Q

Give the fourth cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

4 (CNIV) Trochlear - Superior orbital fissure (Midbrain) Motor - Superior oblique

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16
Q

Give the fifth cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

5 (CNV) Trigeminal: PONS
Ophthalmic - Superior orbital fissure - Sensory - Scalp, forehead and nose.
Maxillary - F. rotundum - Sensory - Cheeks, lower eye lid, nasal mucosa, upper lip, upper teeth and palate.
Mandibular - F. ovale

Sensory - anterior 2/3 tongue, skin over mandible and lower teeth.
Motor: muscles of mastication

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17
Q

Give the sixth cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

6 (CNVI) Abducens - Superior orbital fissure (Junction between pons and medulla) - Motor - Lateral rectus

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18
Q

Give the seventh cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

7 (CNVII) Facial - Internal acoustic meatus > stylomastoid f. (Junction between pons and medulla) - Both - Sensory (special): sensation to part of ext. ear., taste from ant. 2/3 tongue, hard and soft palate., muscles of facial expression.
Motor and PS: lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands and mucous glands of mouth and nose.

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19
Q

Give the eighth cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

8 (CNVIII) Vestibulocochlear - Internal acoustic meatus - (Junction between pons and medulla) - Sensory (special) - Hearing and balance

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20
Q

Give the ninth cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

9 (CNIX) Glossopharyngeal - Jugular f. (Medulla) - Both:

Sensory: post. 1/3 tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, palatine tonsil, eustachian tube, ext. ear, and middle ear cavity.,
Special sensory: taste from post. 1/3 tongue(vallate papillae)
VA: carotid sinus receptors and carotid body
Motor: stylopharyngeus
PS: to parotid gland

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21
Q

Give the tenth cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

10 (CNX) Vagus - Jugular f. (Medulla) - Both:

Sensory: ext. ear, larynx and pharynx., larynx, pharynx and, thoracic & abdominal viscera., taste from epiglottis region of tongue
Motor and PS: smooth muscles of pharynx, larynx and most of the GIT

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22
Q

Give the eleventh cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

11 (CNXI) Spinal accessory - Jugular f. (Spinal cord) Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid., a few fibres run with CNX to viscera

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23
Q

Give the twelth cranial nerve, it’s modality, function and foramen

A

12 (CNXII) Hypoglossal - Hypoglossal canal (Medulla) Motor: Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus).`

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24
Q

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how are they divided in the spinal cord?

A 
Cervical (C1 - C8)
Thoracic (T1 - T12)
Lumbar (L1 - L5)
Sacral (S1 - S5)
Coccygeal (Co1)
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25
Q

There are 8 cervical spinal nerves, but how many vertebrae are there?

A

7

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26
Q

Where are spinal nerves found at the vertebrae, and what do they branch into?

A

Intervertebral foramina

Anterior (supply larger anterolateral body wall) and posterior ramus (smaller posterior wall)

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27
Q

What is the route taken by all sensory axons to the horn of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior root –> rootlets —> horn

28
Q

What is the route taken by all motor axons to the spinal nerve?

A

Anterior horn of the spinal cord –> rootlets –> root –> spinal nerve

29
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Location of cell bodies of primary afferent neurones

30
Q

Roots/rootlets are ____ modality and ramii are ____ modality

A

Single

Mixed

31
Q

What three types of nerve supply does a spinal nerve supply to unilateral area of the body?

A

General sensory to all structures
Somatic motor to skeletal muscle
Sympathetic to skin and smooth muscle of arterioles
NOT PARASYMPATHETIC

32
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve

33
Q

What is a myotome?

A

SkM supplied with motor innvervation from single spinal nerve

34
Q

In the dermatome map, what level is the male nipple at?

A

T4

35
Q

In the dermatome map, what level is the umbilicus at?

A

T10

36
Q

In the dermatome map, what level is the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder at?

A

C2-C4

37
Q

In the dermatome map, what level is the upper limb at?

A

C5-T1

38
Q

In the dermatome map, what level is the lower limb, gluteal region, perineum at?

A

L2-Co1

39
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Intermingled anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

40
Q

What levels is the cervical plexus, and what does it supply?

A

C1-C4

Posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

41
Q

What levels is the brachial plexus, and what does it supply?

A

C5-T1

Upper limb

42
Q

What levels is the lumbar plexus, and what does it supply?

A

L1-L4

Lower limb

43
Q

What levels is the sacral plexus, and what does it supply?

A

L5-S4

Lower limb, gluteal region, perineum

44
Q

Sympathetic outflow from the brain enters the spinal cord at what levels? What is this known as?

A

T1 - L2

Thoracolumbar outflow

45
Q

What is the route taken by sympathetic nerves to the area it is supplying?

A

Lateral horns of T1-L2 —> sympathetic chain —> spinal nerves —> anterior and posterior rami —> hitch a ride with arteries —> supply sweat glands, skin arrectors, arterioles

46
Q

What are the four nerve routes taken by sympathetic outflow in all spinal nerves?

A

Heart
Lungs
Abdomniopelvic organs
Adrenal medulla

47
Q

What allows a sympathetic axon to pass onto a paravertebral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk?

A

Rami communicans

48
Q

Where do sympathetic presynaptic axons in the heart synapse?

A

Synapse in T1 or cervical paravertebral ganglia

49
Q

What is the route taken by sympathetic postsynaptic axons in the heart?

A

Pass in cardiopulmonary splanchic nerves to the SA and AV nodes and myocardium

50
Q

Where do sympathetic presynaptic axons in the lungs synapse?

A

Synapse in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

51
Q

What is the route taken by sympathetic postsynaptic axons in the lungs?

A

Pass in cardiopulmonary splanchic nerves to bronchiolar SM and mucous glands

52
Q

Where do sympathetic presynaptic axons of the abdominopelvic organs synapse?

A

In one of the prevertebral ganglia

53
Q

List the sympathetic prevertebral ganglion associated with abdominopelvic organs for the foregut, midgut and hindgut respectively

A

Celiac ganglion of celiac plexus (FOREGUT)
Superior mesenteric ganglion of SM plexus (MIDGUT)
Inferior mesenteric ganglion of IF plexus (HINDGUT AND PELVIC/PERINEAL ORGANS

54
Q

List the sympathetic prevertebral ganglion associated with abdominopelvic organs, in this case for the kidney

A

Aorticorenal ganglion

55
Q

Where are these sympathetic prevertebral ganglion located anatomically?

A

At named artery as it branches from the abdominal aorta

56
Q

What is the route taken by presynaptic sympathetic axons to reach the adrenal medulla?

A

Pass through aorticorenal ganglion

Synapse DIRECTLY onto adrenaline/ NA secreting cells of the adrenal medull

57
Q

How do presynaptic axons of parasympathetic outflow leave the CNS? What is this known as?

A

Via CN III, VII, IX, X and sacral spinal nerves

Craniosacral outflow

58
Q

What do presynaptic parasympathetic axons travel on to reach the eye?

A

Ciliary ganglion

59
Q

What do presynaptic parasympathetic axons travel on to reach the lacrimal and salivary glands?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia in the head

60
Q

What do presynaptic parasympathetic axons travel on to reach the organs of the head, neck, chest and abdomen as far as the midgut?

A

Vagus nerve

61
Q

What do presynaptic parasympathetic axons travel on to reach the hindgut, pelvis and perineum?

A

Sacral spinal nerves

62
Q

What is a classical clinical example of impaired sympathetic innervation to head and neck?

A

Horner’s syndrome

63
Q

What are the symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A

Miosis
Ptosis
Reduced sweating (anhydrosis)
Increased warmth and redness

64
Q

What are the causes of compression of the cervical parts of the sympathetic trunk in Horner’s syndrome?

A 
Root of neck trauma 
Carotid dissection
Internal jugular vein engorgement
Deep cervical node metastases
Pancoast tumour (lung apex)
65
Q

What pathology is often associated with Horner’s syndrome, due to the sympathetic nervous system travelling close to the site of damage?

A

Internal carotid dissection

Y3 Neurology Anatomy (12 decks)

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