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NPTE > Neuro Vocabulary > Flashcards

Neuro Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Axon

A

A projection of a nerve away from the cell body that conducts impulses

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

An extension of the cell body that receives signals from other neurons

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3
Q

Endoneurium

A

The innermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds each individual axon

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4
Q

Epineurium

A

The outermost of a peripheral nerve that surrounds the entire nerve and provides a buffer for the peripheral nerve

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5
Q

Motor Unit

A

A single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

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6
Q

Myelin

A

Proteins + lipids that form to create a sheath around particular nerves; increases conductivity of the nerve impulse

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7
Q

Nerve conduction velocity

A

Measures the speed of a nerve impulse along the axon of a nerve

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8
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that receive and send signals to other nerve cells; comprised of a cell body, axon, and dendrites

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9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Brief gaps of myelination of an axon; serves to facilitate rapid conduction of a nerve impulse via jumping from gap node to gap node

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10
Q

Perineurium

A

The middle layer of covering surrounding the peripheral nerve that envelopes fascicles or groups of axons and maintains the blood brain barrier (BBB)

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11
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

An action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node; decreases the use of sodium-potassium pumps and increases speed of conduction

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12
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Cells that cover the nerve fibers within the PNS and form the myelin sheath

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13
Q

Barognosis

A

Perceive the weight of different objects in the hand

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14
Q

Deep Pain

A

Squeeze the forearm or calf muscle

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15
Q

Graphesthesia

A

ID a number or letter drawn on the skin without visual input

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16
Q

Kinesthesia

A

ID direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part (ACTUALLY MOVING)

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17
Q

Light Touch

A

Perceive touch through light pressure or use of a cotton all

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18
Q

Localization

A

Ability to ID the exact location of light tough on the body using a verbal response or gesturing

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19
Q

Stereogenesis

A

ID an object without sight

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20
Q

Proprioception

A

ID a static position of an extremity or body part

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21
Q

Akinesia

A

Inability to initiate movement; commonly see in Parkinson’s pts

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22
Q

Asthenia

A

Generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology

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23
Q

Ataxia

A

Inability to perform coordination movements

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24
Q

Athetosis

A

A condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability of posture. Peripheral movements occur without central stability.

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25
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Movement that is very slow

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26
Q

Chorea

A

Movements that are sudden, random + involuntary

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27
Q

Clasp-knife Response

A

A form of resistance seen during ROM of a hypertonic joint where there is greatest resistance at the initiation of range that lessens with movement through the ROM

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28
Q

Clonus

A

A characteristic of an UMN lesion; involuntarily alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex

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29
Q

Cogwheel Rigidity

A

A form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality; often seen in Parkinson’s

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30
Q

Dydiadikokinesia

A

inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

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31
Q

Dysmetria

A

Inability to control the range of movement and force of muscular activity (overshooting + undershooting)

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32
Q

Fasciculation

A

A muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a LMN and its muscle fibers; suggests LMN disease, however can be benign

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33
Q

Dystonia

A

Closely related to athetosis, however there is large axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles

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34
Q

Hemiballism

A

An involuntary and violent movement of a large body part

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35
Q

Lead Pipe Rigidity

A

A form of rigidity where there is uniform + constant resistance to ROM, often associated with lesions in the basal ganglia

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36
Q

Rigidity

A

A state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement at a specific joint

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37
Q

Tremor

A

Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements secondary to basal ganglia lesion. Varied classification.

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38
Q

Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Closed Motor Skill

A

A skill that is performed under a stable + unchanging environment

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39
Q

Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Knowledge of Results

A

Providing the pt with external feedback regarding performance of task. Can include observations + objective data, can be positive or negative with the goal of influencing the learner

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40
Q

Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Open motor skill

A

A skill that is performed under a consistently changing environment

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41
Q

Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Transfer of learning

A

An action cannot be separated from the environment that is it performed in; pt must be able to transfer the skill or motor task into different environments

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42
Q

Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Faciliation

A

Technique utilized to elicit voluntary muscle contraction

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43
Q

Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Inhibition

A

Technique utilized to decrease excessive tone or movement

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44
Q

Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Key Points of Control

A

Specific handling of designated areas of the body (shoulder, pelvis, hand + foot), will influence + facilitate posture, alignment, + control

45
Q

Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Placing

A

Act of moving an extremity into a position that the pt must hold against gravity

46
Q

Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Reflex Inhibiting Posture

A

Designated static positions that Bobath found to inhibit abnormal tonal influences + reflexes

47
Q

Brunnstrom Terminology: Associated Reaction

A

Involuntary + automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part

48
Q

Brunnstrom Terminology: Homolateral Synkinesis

A

A flexion pattern of the involved UE facilitates flexion of the involved LE

49
Q

Brunnstrom Terminology: Limb Synergies

A

A group of muscles that produce a predictable pattern of movement in flexion or extension patterns

50
Q

Brunnstrom Terminology: Ramiste’s Phenomenon

A

The involved LE will abduct or adduct with applied resistance to the UNinvolved LE in the same direction

51
Q

Brunnstrom Terminology: Souques’ Phenomenon

A

Raising the involved UE above 100 degrees with elbow extension will produce extension + abduction of the fingers

52
Q

PNF Terminology: Chopping

A

A combination of bilat UE asymetrical patterns performed as a closed-chain activity

53
Q

PNF Terminology: Developmental Sequence

A

A progression of motor skill acquisiton. The stages of motor control include mobility, stability, controlled mobility, and skill

54
Q

PNF Terminology: Mass Movement Patterns

A

The hip, knee, + ankle move into flexion or extension simultaneously

55
Q

PNF Terminology: Overflow

A

Muscle activation of an involved extremity due to intense action of an uninvolved muscle/group of muscles

56
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to interpret information

57
Q

Agraphesthesia

A

Inability to recognize symbols, letters or numbers traced on the skin

58
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write due to a lesion within the brain and is typically found in combination with aphasia

59
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to read or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain

60
Q

Anosognosia

A

Denial or unawareness of one’s illness, often associated with unilateral neglect

61
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to communicate or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain

62
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform purposeful learned movements or activities even though there is no sensory or motor impairments that wound hinder completion of the task

63
Q

Astereogenesis

A

Inability to recognize objects by the sense of touch

64
Q

Body Schema

A

Having an understanding of the body as a whole + the relationship of its parts as a whole

65
Q

Constructional Apraxia

A

Inability to reproduce geometric figures + designs. Pt often unable to visually analyze how to perform the task.

66
Q

Decerebrate Rigidity

A

A characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem that results in EXTENSION of the trunk + all extremeties

67
Q

Decorticate Rigidity

A

A characteristics of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalon where the trunk + LE are position in extension + the UE’s are position in flexion

68
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

69
Q

Dysarthria

A

Slurred or impaired speech due to motor deficit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech

70
Q

Dysphagia

A

Inability to properly swallow

71
Q

Dysprosody

A

Impairment in the rhythm + inflection of speech

72
Q

Emotional Lability

A

A characteristic of right hemisphere infarct where there is an inability to control emotions + outbursts of laughing or crying that are inconsistent with the situation

73
Q

Fluent Aphasia

A

Characteristic of receptive aphasia where speech produces functional output regarding articulation, but lacks content + is typically dysprosodic using neologistic jargon

74
Q

Hemiparesis

A

A condition of weakness on one side of the body

75
Q

Hemiplegia

A

A condition of paralysis on one side of the body

76
Q

Homonymous Hemianopsia

A

Loss of the right or left half of field of vision in BOTH eyes

77
Q

Ideational Apraxia

A

Inability to formulate an initial motor plan + sequence tasks where the proprioceptive input necessary for movement is impaired

78
Q

Rood Terminology: Heavy Work

A

A method used to develop stability by performing an activity (work) against gravity or resistance. Heavy work focuses on the strengthening of postural muscles.

79
Q

Rood Terminology: Light Work

A

A method used to develop controlled movement and skilled function by performing an activity (work) without resistance. Light work focuses on the extremities.

80
Q

Rood Terminology: Key Patterns

A

A developmental sequence designed by Rood that directs pt’s mobility recovery from synergy patterns through controlled movement.

81
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia

A

A condition where a person plans a movement or task, but cannot volitionally perform it. Automatic movement may occur, however, pt cannot impose additional movement on commands.

82
Q

Neologism

A

Substitution within a word that is so severe that it makes the word unrecognizable

83
Q

Non-fluent aphasia

A

Characteristic of expressive aphasia where speech is non-functional, effortful, + contains paraphasias. Writing is also impaired.

84
Q

Perseveration

A

State of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task or repeatedly saying the same word/phrase without purpose.

85
Q

Synergy

A

Mass movement patterns that are primitive in nature and coupled with spasticity due to brain damage

86
Q

Unilateral neglect

A

Inability to interpret stimuli and events on the contralateral side of a hemispheric lesion. Left-sided neglect is most common with a lesion to the right inferior parietal or right superior temporal lobes.

87
Q

Paraphasias

A

Google: Speech disturbance resulting from brain damage in which words are jumbled and sentences meaningless.

88
Q

Cauda Equina Injury

A

Injuries below the L1 level; considered to be a lower motor neuron lesion

89
Q

Dermatome

A

Designated sensory areas based on spinal segment innervation

90
Q

Head-hips relationship

A

A principle of mechanics used during mobility training with UE WB used as a fulcrum for activity. Head moves in the OPPOSITE direction from the hips.

91
Q

Myelotomy

A

Surgical procedure that severs certain tracts within the spinal cord in order to decrease spasticity + improve function

92
Q

Myotome

A

Designated motor areas based on spinal segment innervation

93
Q

Neurectomy

A

Surgical removal of a segment of a nerve in order to decrease spasticity + improve function

94
Q

Neurogenic nonreflexive bladder

A

The bladder is flaccid as a result of a cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion. Sacral reflex arc is damaged.

95
Q

Neurogenic reflexive bladder

A

Bladder empties reflexively for a pt with injury ABOVE T12 level. Sacral reflex arc is intact.

96
Q

Neurologic level

A

Lowest segment (most caudal) of the spinal cord with intact strength + sensation. Muscle groups at this level must be at least a 3 (fair).

97
Q

Paradoxical breathing

A

A form of abnormal breathing that is common in tetraplegia where the abdomen rises + the chest is pulled inward during inspiration. On expiration the abdomen falls + the chest expands.

98
Q

Paraplegia

A

Term used to describe injuries that occur at the level of the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine - UE NOT INVOLVED

99
Q

Rhizotomy

A

Surgical resection of the sensory component of a spinal nerve in order to decrease spasticity + improve function

100
Q

Sacral sparing

A

An incomplete lesion where some of the innermost tracts remain innervated. Characteristics include sensation of the saddle area, movement of the toe flexors, + rectal sphincter contraction

101
Q

Spinal shock

A

Physiologic response that occurs 30-60min after trauma to the spinal cord that can last up to several weeks. Spinal shock presents with total flaccid paralysis + loss of all reflexes below the level of injury

102
Q

Tenodesis

A

Pt with tetraplegia that do no possess motor control for grasp can utilize the tight finger flexors in combination with wrist extension to produce grasp

103
Q

Tenotomy

A

Surgical release of a tendon in order to decrease spasticity + improve function

104
Q

Tetraplegia (quadriplegia)

A

Injuries that occur at the level of the cervical spine - ALL EXTREMITIES INVOLVED

105
Q

Zone of Preservation

A

Poor or trace motor or sensory function for up to 3 levels below the neurologic level of injury

106
Q

Anterograde Memory

A

Inability to create NEW memory; usually the last to recover after coma; contributing factors: poor attention, distractibility, + impaired perception of stimulus

107
Q

Post-traumatic Amnesia

A

Time between injury + when pt can recall recent events. Used as an indicator of the extent of damage.

108
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Inability to remember events prior to the injury. May progressively decrease with recovery.

NPTE (22 decks)

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