NEURO TRACTS R RUINING MY LIFE

Question 1

damage to which extrapyramidal tract(s) would result in extensor hypertonia

hypertonia = spasticity

Answer 1

Rubrospinal
Medullar tract of Reticulospinal

Question 2

damage to which extrapyramidal tract(s) would result in issues with orientating the head and eyes to gaze / focus on an object

Answer 2

Tectospinal

Question 3

damage to which extrapyramidal tract(s) would result in extenror hypotonia

hypotonia = flaccid

Answer 3

Pontine tract of Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

Question 4

potential locations for UMN lesions

Answer 4

• brain
• C1-C5
• T3-L3

Question 5

potential locations for LMN lesions

Answer 5

• C6-T2
• L4-S3

Question 6

UMN or LMN damage: inability to move, hyperreflexia, increase muscle tone

Answer 6

UMN

Question 7

UMN or LMN damage: inappropriate or absent movement, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, flaccidity

Answer 7

LMN

Question 9

corticobulbar (extrapyramidal) tracts convey what type of motor control

Answer 9

involuntary

Question 10

corticospinal (pyramidal) tract convey what type of motor control

Answer 10

voluntary, conscious skilled movement

Question 11

what is the only extrapyramidal tract that does not have contralateral crossing

Answer 11

vestibulospinal

Question 12

where does input to the vestibulospinal tract come from

Answer 12

vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and the cerebellum

Question 13

where does input to the rubrospinal tract come from

Answer 13

motor cortex and cerebellum

Question 13

where does input to the tectospinal tract come from

Answer 13

sensory info from environmental stimuli (visual, auditory, etc)

Question 14

where does input to the reticulospinal tract come from

Answer 14

motor cortex

Question 15

what does the pontine tract of the reticulospinal pathway do

Answer 15

excites alpha and gamma neurons of the extensors of proximal and axial musculature

allows for alpha gamma coactivation

Question 16

what does the medullar trat of the reticulospinal pathway do

Answer 16

inhibits the pontine tract, thus inhibiting extensors

Question 17

What are the afferent UMN pathways and what info do they carry

Answer 17

• Dorsal lemniscus - touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
• Lateral spinothalamic - pain and temperature
• Ventral spinothalamic - touch

Question 18

what extrapyramidal pathway allows for alpha gamma coactivation in reflexes

Answer 18

reticulospinal

Question 19

muscle tone is the resting level of ______ in a muscle; regulated by the activity of …?

Answer 19

tension
muscle spindle afferents and alpha gamma co-activation

Question 20

what type of vestibular syndrome is associated with head tilt and affects the labyrinth within the petrosal bone

Answer 20

peripheral

Question 21

what type of vestibular syndrome is associated with paresis/hemiparesis, gait and posture defects

Answer 21

central disease
brainstem

Question 23

what ocular reflex maintains eyes on visual target while
head/body is in motion

Answer 23

vestibulo-ocular

Question 24

what ocular reflex (in birds) keeps the head and neck muscles adjust to maintain head position

Answer 24

ocular-collic

Question 25

what reflex has the main goal of stabilizing the body

Answer 25

vestibulospinal reflex

Question 26

what are the 3 locations that CN VIII projects via vestibular nuclei

Answer 26

* vestibulospinal tracts * medial longitudinal fasciculus * vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular node)

Question 27

what visual pathway is responsible for Conscious visual perception of form, movement, color, orientation and depth

Answer 27

retino-geniculo striate pathway

Question 28

A patient with left lateral displacement (exotropia) could have a lesion in the:

Answer 28

left oculomotor nucleus (CN III)

Question 29

what visual pathway provides pupillary reflexes and reflex orientation of the eyes to visual targets

Answer 29

retino-tectal

Question 30

what visual pathway provides for light to set physiological rhythms (day-night; seasonal patterns) in the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).

Question 31

what layer of the cortex has glial cells and dendrites of neurons from lower layers

Answer 31

I

Question 32

what layer of the cortex receives thalamic input

Answer 32

4

Question 33

What layer of the cortex gives efferent neurons to the spinal cord

Answer 33

5

Question 34

what layer of the cortex has projections to the basal ganglia and thalamus

Answer 34

6

Question 35

what cells are in layers 2-6 of the cortex

Answer 35

**stellate cells**(receive afferents from brainstem sensory neurons) **pyramidal cells** sends axons to other parts of cortex

Question 36

long distance excitatory cells in the cerebral cortex

Answer 36

pyramidal neurons

Question 37

long distance excibitory AND inhibitory cells of the cerebral cortex

Answer 37

stellate neurons