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PHYSIOLOGY III > L3: Female Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

L3: Female Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what factors keep follicles from developing between birth + puberty

A
  • oocyte inhibiting factor OIF keeps oocytes in Prophase 1
  • luteinizing-inhibiting factors LIF prevents granulosa cells from becoming luteal tissue
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2
Q

layer of glycoproteins b/w oocyte and granulosa cells

A

zona pellucida

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3
Q

as follicles mature, a fluid filled _________ develops within the granulosa cells

A

antrum

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4
Q

what are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase- maturing follicles
luteal phase- corpus luteum

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5
Q

what are the 3 cell types within the maturing follicle

A
  • primary oocyte
  • inner layer of granulosa cells
  • outer layer of theca cells
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6
Q

when does the follicle start to become sensitive to FSH

A

after formation of the antrum

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7
Q

occurs when follicular cells release enzymes that weaken the follicular wall

A

ovulation

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8
Q

during ovulation, _____ drives differentiation into the corpus luteum

A

Leutinizing hormone

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9
Q

what is the ‘yellow body’ observed during in the corpus luteum

A

storage of cholesterol

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10
Q

corpus luteum: remaining follicular cells convert to luteal cells & produce large amounts of …?

A

steroid hormone

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11
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if no fertilization occurs

A

becomes corpus albicans = white body forms due to formation of fibrous tissue

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12
Q

_______ ovulators have cycles regulated by internal hormonal cycles

A

spontaneous

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13
Q

what hormone signals the release of gonadotropins in spontaneous ovulators

A

estrogen

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14
Q

______ ovulators are animals that require copulation for ovulation

A

induced

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15
Q

in induced ovulators, ______ replaces estrogen as the signal that releases gonadotropins

A

copulation

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16
Q

hormone synthesis occurs during the _____ phase of the ovarian cycle

A

luteal

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17
Q

LH stimulates _________ in the thecal cells of the corpus luteum

A

cholesterol desmolase

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18
Q

FSH stimulates ______ in the granulosa cells

A

aromatase

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19
Q

enzymes for _________ synthesis are only active during the luteal phase

A

progesterone
3B-hydroxysteroid dehydroxygenase

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20
Q

negative feedback of _______ and _______ inhibits FSH secretion

A

estrogen + inhibin

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21
Q

LH secretion gradually ________ during the follicular stage

A

increases

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22
Q

the effects of ______ changes negative feedback to positive feedback, leading to an LH surge

A

estrogen

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23
Q

what occurs during the LH stage

A
  • meiosis of oocyte resumes
  • prostaglandin release breaks down follicular wall
  • follicular cells differentiate into luteal cells
  • ovulation occurs!
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24
Q

ovulation occurs following what stage

A

Luteal

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25
Q

what hormone has a strong negative feedback and suppresses a second LH surge after ovulation

A

progesterone

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26
Q

______ synthesis halts upon ovulation but the levels of this hormone gradually increase

A

estrogen

27
Q

After ovulation, in the absence of pregnancy, __________ causes a regression of the ______ in cows, horses, gaots and sheep

A

PGF2α, corpus luteum

28
Q

PGF2α has no role in what animals

A

primates, queens and bitches

29
Q

what inhibits PGF2α release from the uterus

A

pregnancy

30
Q

why do most animals lack a menstrual phase

A

due to overlap in the late luteal phase w/ the early part of the follicular phase

31
Q

what occurs during to the endometrium during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

endometrium regenerates

32
Q

what occurs to the endometrium during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

becomes enriched w/ glycogen to nourish an incoming embryo

33
Q

during the follicular phase, the main hormone is ?

A

estrogen

34
Q

during the luteal phase, the main hormone is ?

A

progesterone

35
Q

LH stimulates the development and maintenance of ….

A

corpus luteum

36
Q

what hormones does the corpus luteum secrete

A

progesterone and estrogen

37
Q

ovulation occurs at the end of …

A

estrous

38
Q

early post ovulatory phase during which corpus luteum begins to develop during the estrous cycle

A

Metestrus

39
Q

phase of mature luteal activity that begins 4 days after ovulation and ends with the regression of the corpus luteum

A

Diestrus

40
Q

phase of estrus cycle that begins after corpus luteum regression and ends w/ onset of estrus

A

proestrus

41
Q

phase of estrous cycle characterized by rapid follicle development that leads to ovulation and the onset of sexual receptivity

A

proestrus

42
Q

what generates follicular waves

A

FSH

43
Q

dominant follicles are more sensitive to FSH since they have more _______, and thus are selected for further development

A

FSH receptors

44
Q

FSH stimulates ______ cell growth, increases _______ activity and synthesizes ______ to produce estradiol

A

granulosa cell growth
increase aromatase activity
synthesize inhibin to produce estradiol

45
Q

inhibin blocks _______ synthesis / secretion

A

FSH

inhibin represents a parallel neg feedback mech besides estrogen

46
Q
A
47
Q

when _____ is high, it inhibits final development and ovulation

A

progesterone

48
Q

if _____ is low, the dominant follicle can enter ovulation

A

progesterone

49
Q

in induced ovulators, how does mating induce ovulation

A

via neural stimuluation of GnRH which leads to LH surge and then ovulation

50
Q

what event signals the end of the follicular phase and the beginning of the luteal phase

A

rupture of the follicular wall

51
Q

what 3 things facilitate ovulation

A

hyperemia
collagenase synthesis by theca cells
prostaglandin release

52
Q

prostaglandin is released by the ______ and stimulates what

A

ovary
smooth muscle contractions

53
Q

upon stimulation by FSH, granulosa cells convert ______ into _______

A

androgen into estrogen

54
Q

In what animals does PGF2α cause the regression of the corpus luteum at ~14days

A

cows, horses, sheep, goats, pigs

55
Q

at what age to queens reach sexual maturity

A

4-12 months

56
Q

when does estrus occur

A

following the end of ovulation, during a period of high estrogen release from mature follicles

57
Q

what must occur right before ovulation

A

LH surge

58
Q

what are the stages of the follicular wave

A
  1. recruitment phase
  2. selection
  3. dominance
  4. atresia
59
Q

during the follicular wave, what makes a follicle dominant

A

greater sensitivity to FSH due to having more FSH receptors

60
Q

explain the feedback mechanism between FSH and inhibin

A

FSH synthesizes inhibin, inhibin blocks FSH synthesis and secretion

61
Q

during the follicular wave, what does FSH stimulate

A
  • granulosa cell growth
  • increases aromatase activity
  • synthesize inhibin
  • produce estradiol
62
Q

what stimulates the follicular selection phase of the follicular wave

A

follicular growth (stimulated by FSH)

63
Q

how does the recruitment phase of follicular waves vary between cows+horses vs other sepcies

A

cows+horses: one follicle is selected to beocme the dominant follicle while the rest become atretic

other species: more than one follicle is selected, multiple dominant follicles

PHYSIOLOGY III (31 decks)

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