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T3- Neuro > Neuro Study guide questions test 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Study guide questions test 1 Flashcards

intro to neuroscience- done Neurophysio

1
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

cranial and spinal Nerves

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2
Q

Sensory receptors transduce NRG into _____

A

electrochemical signals

- then it enters into the PNS

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3
Q

what are the 2 parts that make u the PNS

A

somatic - skeletal

autonomic- S.M (visceral)

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4
Q

Name the characteristics of the motor neuron in the Somatic NS

A

SC–> MYELINATED somatic M neuron –> Ach: contraction of skeletal M

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5
Q

What is the NT used by the somatic NS to contract M

A

Ach

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6
Q

What kind of M does the somatic NS innervate

A

skeletal

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7
Q

Is the somatic NS voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

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8
Q

List the characteristics of the neurons in the ANS

A 
SC
pregg (mostly myelinated) 
Ach autonomic gg 
postgg (unmyel) 
Ach or NE: contraction of SM/Cardiac M , stim/inhib of glandular secretion
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9
Q

What NT is present at the synapse of the ANS

A

AcH

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10
Q

What NT is present at the post gg of ANS

A

Ach or NE

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11
Q

Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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12
Q

Support cells of the NS

A

glia

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13
Q

___ cells form myeline

A

glia

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14
Q

name the different cell types you’ll find in the Nervous tiss

A

neurons

glia

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15
Q

Fxn of Nucleus (3)

A

transcription
replication
DNA repair

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16
Q

Dendrite fxn (3)

A

helps to commuicate with other nerves
increases surface area
leads to the soma

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17
Q

Soma

A

wher the nucleus is housed

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18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

fatty covering of the axon
covers all somatic nervous cells
covers some autonomic PREgg
made from glia

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19
Q

Node of ranvier

A

whre ions can flow back into the axon

Where the axon is un-insulate by myelin and is capable of generating an AP

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20
Q

Internode

A

portion of N fibers btw two node of ranvier

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21
Q

Axon terminal

A

an axon can have any amount of terminals but only on axon

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22
Q

terminal button

A

a bulge area where an axon terminal comes into contact with another axon

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23
Q

What is the most common neuron type

A

multipolar

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24
Q

Dorsal root neurons are ___polar

A

pseudounipolar

  • 1 goes to the peripheral
  • 1 goes to the SC
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25
Q

What is the difference btw an axon and a dendrite

A

axon: conducts electrical stim AWAY from the cell body
dendrite: RECEIVES stim from other cells and sends it to the soma

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26
Q

name the 4 types of glia cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
ependymal cells

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27
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes and Schwanna cells located

A

both- myelinate axons

oligo: CNS
Schwann- peripheral

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28
Q

What is the difference btw a synapse and synaptic cleft

A

synapse: STRUCTURE that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chem signal to another cell

Synaptic cleft: small space btw two neurons

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29
Q

axon hillock

A

wher the cell body connects to the axon

last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagate from synaptic inputs are summed before being transmitted

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30
Q

What type of nervous tiss divides

A

glia cells

-neurons do not divide

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31
Q

_____ synthesis proteins in the neuron

A

Nissl body

  • Rough ER
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32
Q

Name of a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS and PNS (2)

A

CNS: nuclei

PNS: ganglion

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33
Q

___ is a collection of axons in the CNS

____ is a collection of axons in the PSN

A

CNS: tracts

PNS: nerves

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34
Q

______ gated channgels in the axon terminal mediate vescile binding and release of NT

A

voltage gated Ca+2 channels

binding and release of NT

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35
Q

Vesciles are tied to the active zone by (2) proteins until they can be released

A

actin

synaptophysin

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36
Q

_____ helps to withdraw vesicles back up into the synaptic cleft after actin and synaptophysin released the NT

A

clathrin

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37
Q

____ carries a nutrients down the microtubule to axon terminal
This is called ___

A

kinesis

antegrade transport

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38
Q

_____ carries material from the axon terminal and sending them back to the cell body

A

dynelin

retrograde

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39
Q

___ help N growth, migration through retrograde transport

A

neurotrophins

  • neurons like to grow towards growth factor
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40
Q

_____: when there is a balance btw electrical and chem forces

A

equilibrium potential

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41
Q

What are 2 major forces that act on an individual ion to determine its movement into or out of a neuron

A
  1. potential nrg from chem conc gradient

2. potential nrg from separation of charges

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42
Q

What is Nearst potential based off

A

electrochemical forces (mV)

K : -87mV
Na+: 60mV
Cl- -64mV

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43
Q

Reversal potential is based off

A

when there is only ONE ion affecting the membrane

(ex: K+ leaky channels and electrical forces

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44
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP) is based off

A

conc. gradient and cells permeability

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45
Q

What is the range for normal resting membrane potential values for a neuron

A

-65mV to -95mV

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46
Q

What kind of channels are specifically responsible for creating a graded membrane potential?

A

Keaky ion
Ligand gated
voltag gated

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47
Q

___ above RMP, the voltage gated channel will be set off

A

+20mV

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48
Q

Voltage gated channels have a ___ feedback mechanism

A

positive feedback

- making it all or none

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49
Q

What kind of ion channels are responsible for EPSP

A

Na+ ligand gated and voltage gated

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50
Q

What kind of ion channels are responsible for IPISP

A

Cl- channels

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51
Q

What kind of ion channels are responsible for EPSP

A

Na+ ligand gated and voltage gated

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52
Q

What kind of ion channels are responsible for IPISP

A

Cl- channels

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53
Q

___: the degree to which ion channels are open for a given area on the cell membrane

A

conductance

  • inverse of resistance
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54
Q

increase conductance = incr____ & ___

A

amt of channels open at the same time

time the channel is open

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55
Q

name 2 locations where resistance affects current

A

membrane

cytoplasm

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56
Q

the bigger the diameter of the axon = higher ____

A

velocity

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57
Q

What type of ion channels are responsible for NT release

A

voltage gated Ca+2 channels

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58
Q

the activation of _____ causes the release of vesicles from actin to be brought into the cleft

A

calmodulin

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59
Q

_____ helps to withdraw vesicle components back from the synpatic cleft

A

clathrin

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60
Q

There is a ___ amount of NT released for each AP

A

fixed amount

  • unless the neuron was activated 3x in a row= quanta
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61
Q

Tetrodotoxin blocks ___ channel

A

voltage gated Na+ channel

  • no AP
  • death, zombie
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62
Q

Botulinum blocks ___ channel

A

blocks vesicle fusion at the neuromuscular jxn

  • actin can not move myosin
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63
Q

Apamin blocks ___ channel

A

K+ channel

  • no repolarization
  • spams
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64
Q

curare blocks ___ channels

A

nicotinic receptors of Ach

M weakness

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65
Q

____ potentials are all or none

A

Action potentials

  • verses Graded potential that has EPSP and IPSP
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66
Q

AP are the sum result of ___ potentials

A

graded potentials

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67
Q

ionotrophic channels are ___ gated

A

ligand gated

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68
Q

What is GPCR

A

g protein

- it acts as a secondary receptor for metabotrophic binding

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69
Q

Name the three ionotrophic exitatory AA

A

AMPA : Na+ influx
kainate
NMDA: depolarization

70
Q

What is the most prevalent excitatory NT

A

glutamate

71
Q

ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of glutamate

A

Ionotrophic: AMPA , kainite, NMDA
Metabotrophic: MGLUR

72
Q

ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of GABA

A

ionotrophic: GABA A
Metabo: GABA B , GIRK

73
Q

ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of Ach

A

ionotrophic: nicotinic
metabotrophic: Muscarinic

74
Q

___ is a AA NT inhibitor that triggers IPSP by expelling K+

A

GIR”K”

75
Q

Muscarinic receptors are found in the ___

A

CNS

76
Q

Nicotinic receptors are found in the ____

A

PNS

77
Q

Why would you treat myasthenia gravis with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

A

Blocking acetylecholinesterase allows the enzyme to be around longer in the motor end plate. This allows the NT a bigger chance to stim the receptor site

78
Q

What are the brains major centers of dopamine synthesis

A

substania nigra

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

79
Q

What area is involved in dysfunctional signaling of dopamine in parkingsons dx

A

substantia nigra

80
Q

What area is involved in dysfunctional signaling of dopamine in addictions and schizophrenia

A

ventral tegmental area

81
Q

What are dopamine receptors

A

D1= excitatory
D2 = inhib
GPCRs

82
Q

what is the major area of NE production

A

Locus Seruleus in the pons

83
Q

What type of receptrs does NE use

A

2 alpha & 2 beta

84
Q

What will inactivate dopamine and NE

A

MAO

- MAOI will bloc this and allow the NT to continue = tx for depression

85
Q

What is the brains major area of serotonin synthesis

A

raphe nuclei of the brainstem (midbrain)

86
Q

____ is used in meds to decrease the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell

A

SSRI

87
Q

_____ is a neuropeptide that is co-released withglutamate that makes us feel tired

A

adenosine

88
Q

Why does caffein prevent us from falling asleep

A

it is the antagonist of adenosine

- it blocks the receptor sites of adenosine in the post synaptic receptor

89
Q

Which develops first : neurons, neuropils, or glia

A

neurons first

neuropil and glia are produced after birth

90
Q

From what can a totipotent cell develop?

A

Morula→ there are enough cells at this point that can make a fetus

91
Q

From what can a pluripotent cell develop?

A

late blastocyst

92
Q

What is gastrulation

A

when cell diff begins
transformation from bilayer to trilayer embry
produces 3 germ layers

93
Q

Name the 3 germ layers and what comes from each of them

A

ecto- skin, NS
medoderm- skeletal and M
endo- Gut tube

94
Q

What is neurulation ? And what appears first

A

neural tube closing

plate–> groove –> tube

95
Q

neural induction follows gastrulation from morphogens acting on ___

A

ectoderm

96
Q

The block of which morphogen keeps ectoderm from developing into epidermis

A

BMP

- notochord blocks BMP so the tiss turns into neural tiss

97
Q

What is the major differ btw spina bifida and anencephaly

A

spina bifida = incomplete CAUDAL neural tube closure

anencephaly= incomplete ROSTRAL neural tube closure

98
Q

diffferent btw meningocele and meningomyelocele

A

meningocele: CSF and Meninges

Meningomyelocele: SC, CSF, and meninges

99
Q

What are the three primary vesicles that form in the rostral end of the neural tube?

A

prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon- midbrain
rhombencephalon- hindbrain

100
Q

The rhombencephalon divdes into __ & ___

A

metencephalon & myelencephalon

101
Q

The prosencephalon divides into ___ & ___

A

diencephalon & telencephalon

102
Q

Name the 5 vesicles

A 
diencephalon
telencephalon 
mesencephalon 
metencephalon 
myelencephalon
103
Q

What is the pontine flexure

A

where the rhombencephalon separates to metencephalon & myelencephalon

104
Q

___ is btw the rhombencephalon and SC

A

cervical flexure

105
Q

___ is btw the mesencephalon and prosencephalon

A

cephalic flexure

106
Q

structures from the telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex

corpus striatum / basal gg

107
Q

structures from the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalmus
retina

108
Q

Structures from the mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

109
Q

Structures from the metencephalon

A

cerebellum

pons

110
Q

Structures that come from the myelencephalon

A

medulla

111
Q

What is neuraxis

A
  • neural tube
  • axis of the CNS
  • denotes the direction in which the CNS lies
112
Q

Which structures are c-shaped in the brain?

A

corpus callosum
basal gg
hippocampus
choroid plexus/ ventricular system

113
Q

which molecule acts as a morphogen to dictate neuronal identity to become MOTOR/EFFERENT

A

sonic hedgehog

  • expressed in the notochord & floorplate
114
Q

which molecule acts as a morphogen to dictate neuronal identity to become SENSORY/ AFFERENT

A

Bone Morphogenetic protein (BMP)

expressed in the dorsal; expressed n epidermis

115
Q

What kind of cells are located in the mantle zone of the neural tube

A

cell bodies

- become grey matter in adults

116
Q

What kind of cells are located in the marginal zone of the neural tube

A

axons

- they becone the white matter in adults

117
Q

Radial glial cells can develop into ___ or go into the ___ phase

A

neurons

  • or go into the gliogenic phase
118
Q

characteristics of the neurons that develop from basal-plate derivatives

A

ventral / anterior horn

119
Q

characteristics of the neurons that develop from alar-plate derivatives

A

dorsal- posterior horn

120
Q

______: divides the neural tube 1/2 way btw the dorsal and ventral

A

sulcus limitans

121
Q

The roof plate spreads out and becomes mostly ____

A

ependymal (choroid plexus)

122
Q

The basal plate in the medulla gives of the ___ nuclei for CN __ through ___

A

Motor nuclei

CN VII- XII

123
Q

The alar plate in the medulla gives of the ___ nuclei for CN __ through ___

A

sensory nuclei

for CN VII -X

124
Q

How is development different in the telencephalon than it is in the other brain areas?

A

develops in 2 phases

  1. archipallum
  2. corpus striatum

the neocortex develops into 6 layers

125
Q

What is the numbering and organization of the layers of the cerebral cortex? Which cells are oldest? Youngest?

A

youngest: layer 1 (mostly die)
oldest: Layer 6

126
Q

Which neocortex layer receive S /M

A

Sensory: Layer IV

Motor : Layer V

127
Q

The neutral tube makes the __nervous system

A

CNS

  • neural crest makes the PNS
128
Q

The neural crest makes the ___ nervous sytem

A

PNS

- the neural tube makes the CNS

129
Q

What kind of cells arise from the neural crest

A
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic ganglia
  • Spinal nerves
  • Schwann cells
  • Melanocytes
  • Adrenal medullary cells
  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Tendons of facial musculature
130
Q

Somites derive from the medoderm and make ___(3)

A

dermatome: epidermal
myotome: M
sclerotome : bone

131
Q

Neural crest cells around the trunk sclerotome become what special class of neurons

A

dorsal root gg

132
Q

What type of neurons will develop around the sacral spinal cord?

A

PS gg

133
Q

What vesicle is the archicortex, paleocortex, and neocortex derived from ? How many layers are in ea.

A

Archi: 3 layers; hippocampus
Paleo: 3-5; olfactory
Neo: 6 layers; outer cerebral hemisphere

134
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the neocortex?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • limbic
135
Q

What are the major functions associated with the frontal lobe?

A 
voluntary Motor 
human traits, personality 
higher order thinking 
decision making 
motor and metacognition
136
Q

What are the major functions associated with the temporal lobe?

A

hearing

taking in visual

137
Q

What are the major functions associated with the parietal lobe?

A 
how am I taing up space?
know what you are seing 
know what you are feeling 
understand 3D shapes
visualize based on sense
138
Q

What are the major functions associated with the occipital lobe?

A

visual

139
Q

What are the major functions associated with the limbic lobe?

A

feelings and emotions

140
Q

What lobe is brocca’s area located?

A

frontal (L)

141
Q

What lobe is wernicke’s located on

A

temporal

142
Q

___ sulcus splits the cuneus and lingual visual fields

A

calcarine sulcus

143
Q

Where is the insula located

A

where hte temporal, parietal and frontal lobes meet

- primary gustaory cortex

144
Q

primary gustatory cortex is the ____

A

insula

145
Q

Area 4

A

primary Motor cortex

146
Q

area 6

A

premotor supplimentary motor

147
Q

area 8

A

frontal eye field

148
Q

Area 9,10,11, and 46

A

prefrontal cortex

149
Q

area 44,45,47

A

brocas area

150
Q

Area 1,2,3

A

somatosensory (ass. cortex)

151
Q

Area 41,42

A

primary auditory cortex

152
Q

Area 22

A

wernick’s area

153
Q

Fxn of associated fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

A

associated fibers: pass from 1 part of a single hemi to another , small point to point connections

Commissural fibers: link matching areas of two hemispheres (ex: corpus collosum )

Projection fibers: run to subcortical nuclei

154
Q

different fxn between right and left brain

A

left: speech, logic, language
right: spatial orientation and attention, song , art

155
Q

What is the difference btw broccas and wenicke’s

A

brocca: motor speech
wenicke’s: interpretation and production of senstences
(“W”enick’s WHAT did he say?)

156
Q

fluent aphagia deals with __ area

A

wernick’s

157
Q

non fluent aphagia deals with ___ area

A

broccas

158
Q

Name the 4 different levels of projection fibers

A

coronal radiate
internal capsule
crus cerebri
pyramid

159
Q

fxn ass. with basal gg

A

chains and sequences of motor activity

160
Q

fxn of cerebellum

A

proprioception

161
Q

What sensation doesnt travel through the thalmus

A

olfactory

162
Q

fxn of the hypothalmus

A

controls ANS and neuroendocrine systems

163
Q

location of the micturation center

A

pons

164
Q

fxn of the medulla

A 
vitals fxn 
respiration 
cardiac
consciouscess center 
pathway for ascending and descending info
165
Q

normals vs. pathological spaces in the meninges

A

epidural & subdural = patho

subarachniod = normal

166
Q

What space belongs in the cranial meninges

A

subarachnoid

167
Q

What meningeal layer feels pain?

A

only the dura feels pain

- pain is referred pain

168
Q

What nerves affect the post. dura

A

CN x, C1,2,3

169
Q

What nerves affect the ant dura

A

CN5

170
Q

What is the deep cerebral V

A

great vein of galen

- emerges with the inf. sagittal sinus & becomes the straight sinus

T3- Neuro (8 decks)

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