Neuro Study guide questions test 1 Flashcards
intro to neuroscience- done Neurophysio
1
Q
What makes up the PNS
A
cranial and spinal Nerves
2
Q
Sensory receptors transduce NRG into _____
A
electrochemical signals
- then it enters into the PNS
3
Q
what are the 2 parts that make u the PNS
A
somatic - skeletal
autonomic- S.M (visceral)
4
Q
Name the characteristics of the motor neuron in the Somatic NS
A
SC–> MYELINATED somatic M neuron –> Ach: contraction of skeletal M
5
Q
What is the NT used by the somatic NS to contract M
A
Ach
6
Q
What kind of M does the somatic NS innervate
A
skeletal
7
Q
Is the somatic NS voluntary or involuntary
A
voluntary
8
Q
List the characteristics of the neurons in the ANS
A
SC pregg (mostly myelinated) Ach autonomic gg postgg (unmyel) Ach or NE: contraction of SM/Cardiac M , stim/inhib of glandular secretion
9
Q
What NT is present at the synapse of the ANS
A
AcH
10
Q
What NT is present at the post gg of ANS
A
Ach or NE
11
Q
Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary
A
involuntary
12
Q
Support cells of the NS
A
glia
13
Q
___ cells form myeline
A
glia
14
Q
name the different cell types you’ll find in the Nervous tiss
A
neurons
glia
15
Q
Fxn of Nucleus (3)
A
transcription
replication
DNA repair
16
Q
Dendrite fxn (3)
A
helps to commuicate with other nerves
increases surface area
leads to the soma
17
Q
Soma
A
wher the nucleus is housed
18
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
fatty covering of the axon
covers all somatic nervous cells
covers some autonomic PREgg
made from glia
19
Q
Node of ranvier
A
whre ions can flow back into the axon
Where the axon is un-insulate by myelin and is capable of generating an AP
20
Q
Internode
A
portion of N fibers btw two node of ranvier
21
Q
Axon terminal
A
an axon can have any amount of terminals but only on axon
22
Q
terminal button
A
a bulge area where an axon terminal comes into contact with another axon
23
Q
What is the most common neuron type
A
multipolar
24
Q
Dorsal root neurons are ___polar
A
pseudounipolar
- 1 goes to the peripheral
- 1 goes to the SC
25
What is the difference btw an axon and a dendrite
axon: conducts electrical stim AWAY from the cell body
dendrite: RECEIVES stim from other cells and sends it to the soma
26
name the 4 types of glia cells in the CNS
astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
ependymal cells
27
Where are oligodendrocytes and Schwanna cells located
both- myelinate axons
oligo: CNS
Schwann- peripheral
28
What is the difference btw a synapse and synaptic cleft
synapse: STRUCTURE that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chem signal to another cell
Synaptic cleft: small space btw two neurons
29
axon hillock
wher the cell body connects to the axon
last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagate from synaptic inputs are summed before being transmitted
30
What type of nervous tiss divides
glia cells
-neurons do not divide
31
_____ synthesis proteins in the neuron
Nissl body
- Rough ER
32
Name of a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS and PNS (2)
CNS: nuclei
PNS: ganglion
33
___ is a collection of axons in the CNS
| ____ is a collection of axons in the PSN
CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves
34
______ gated channgels in the axon terminal mediate vescile binding and release of NT
voltage gated Ca+2 channels
binding and release of NT
35
Vesciles are tied to the active zone by (2) proteins until they can be released
actin
| synaptophysin
36
_____ helps to withdraw vesicles back up into the synaptic cleft after actin and synaptophysin released the NT
clathrin
37
____ carries a nutrients down the microtubule to axon terminal
This is called ___
kinesis
antegrade transport
38
_____ carries material from the axon terminal and sending them back to the cell body
dynelin
retrograde
39
___ help N growth, migration through retrograde transport
neurotrophins
- neurons like to grow towards growth factor
40
_____: when there is a balance btw electrical and chem forces
equilibrium potential
41
What are 2 major forces that act on an individual ion to determine its movement into or out of a neuron
1. potential nrg from chem conc gradient
| 2. potential nrg from separation of charges
42
What is Nearst potential based off
electrochemical forces (mV)
K : -87mV
Na+: 60mV
Cl- -64mV
43
Reversal potential is based off
when there is only ONE ion affecting the membrane
| (ex: K+ leaky channels and electrical forces
44
Resting membrane potential (RMP) is based off
conc. gradient and cells permeability
45
What is the range for normal resting membrane potential values for a neuron
-65mV to -95mV
46
What kind of channels are specifically responsible for creating a graded membrane potential?
Keaky ion
Ligand gated
voltag gated
47
___ above RMP, the voltage gated channel will be set off
+20mV
48
Voltage gated channels have a ___ feedback mechanism
positive feedback
| - making it all or none
49
What kind of ion channels are responsible for EPSP
Na+ ligand gated and voltage gated
50
What kind of ion channels are responsible for IPISP
Cl- channels
51
What kind of ion channels are responsible for EPSP
Na+ ligand gated and voltage gated
52
What kind of ion channels are responsible for IPISP
Cl- channels
53
___: the degree to which ion channels are open for a given area on the cell membrane
conductance
- inverse of resistance
54
increase conductance = incr____ & ___
amt of channels open at the same time
| time the channel is open
55
name 2 locations where resistance affects current
membrane
| cytoplasm
56
the bigger the diameter of the axon = higher ____
velocity
57
What type of ion channels are responsible for NT release
voltage gated Ca+2 channels
58
the activation of _____ causes the release of vesicles from actin to be brought into the cleft
calmodulin
59
_____ helps to withdraw vesicle components back from the synpatic cleft
clathrin
60
There is a ___ amount of NT released for each AP
fixed amount
- unless the neuron was activated 3x in a row= quanta
61
Tetrodotoxin blocks ___ channel
voltage gated Na+ channel
- no AP
- death, zombie
62
Botulinum blocks ___ channel
blocks vesicle fusion at the neuromuscular jxn
- actin can not move myosin
63
Apamin blocks ___ channel
K+ channel
- no repolarization
- spams
64
curare blocks ___ channels
nicotinic receptors of Ach
M weakness
65
____ potentials are all or none
Action potentials
- verses Graded potential that has EPSP and IPSP
66
AP are the sum result of ___ potentials
graded potentials
67
ionotrophic channels are ___ gated
ligand gated
68
What is GPCR
g protein
| - it acts as a secondary receptor for metabotrophic binding
69
Name the three ionotrophic exitatory AA
AMPA : Na+ influx
kainate
NMDA: depolarization
70
What is the most prevalent excitatory NT
glutamate
71
ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of glutamate
Ionotrophic: AMPA , kainite, NMDA
Metabotrophic: MGLUR
72
ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of GABA
ionotrophic: GABA A
Metabo: GABA B , GIRK
73
ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of Ach
ionotrophic: nicotinic
metabotrophic: Muscarinic
74
___ is a AA NT inhibitor that triggers IPSP by expelling K+
GIR"K"
75
Muscarinic receptors are found in the ___
CNS
76
Nicotinic receptors are found in the ____
PNS
77
Why would you treat myasthenia gravis with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Blocking acetylecholinesterase allows the enzyme to be around longer in the motor end plate. This allows the NT a bigger chance to stim the receptor site
78
What are the brains major centers of dopamine synthesis
substania nigra
| ventral tegmental area (VTA)
79
What area is involved in dysfunctional signaling of dopamine in parkingsons dx
substantia nigra
80
What area is involved in dysfunctional signaling of dopamine in addictions and schizophrenia
ventral tegmental area
81
What are dopamine receptors
D1= excitatory
D2 = inhib
GPCRs
82
what is the major area of NE production
Locus Seruleus in the pons
83
What type of receptrs does NE use
2 alpha & 2 beta
84
What will inactivate dopamine and NE
MAO
| - MAOI will bloc this and allow the NT to continue = tx for depression
85
What is the brains major area of serotonin synthesis
raphe nuclei of the brainstem (midbrain)
86
____ is used in meds to decrease the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell
SSRI
87
_____ is a neuropeptide that is co-released withglutamate that makes us feel tired
adenosine
88
Why does caffein prevent us from falling asleep
it is the antagonist of adenosine
| - it blocks the receptor sites of adenosine in the post synaptic receptor
89
Which develops first : neurons, neuropils, or glia
neurons first
| neuropil and glia are produced after birth
90
From what can a totipotent cell develop?
Morula→ there are enough cells at this point that can make a fetus
91
From what can a pluripotent cell develop?
late blastocyst
92
What is gastrulation
when cell diff begins
transformation from bilayer to trilayer embry
produces 3 germ layers
93
Name the 3 germ layers and what comes from each of them
ecto- skin, NS
medoderm- skeletal and M
endo- Gut tube
94
What is neurulation ? And what appears first
neural tube closing
| plate--> groove --> tube
95
neural induction follows gastrulation from morphogens acting on ___
ectoderm
96
The block of which morphogen keeps ectoderm from developing into epidermis
BMP
| - notochord blocks BMP so the tiss turns into neural tiss
97
What is the major differ btw spina bifida and anencephaly
spina bifida = incomplete CAUDAL neural tube closure
anencephaly= incomplete ROSTRAL neural tube closure
98
diffferent btw meningocele and meningomyelocele
meningocele: CSF and Meninges
Meningomyelocele: SC, CSF, and meninges
99
What are the three primary vesicles that form in the rostral end of the neural tube?
prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon- midbrain
rhombencephalon- hindbrain
100
The rhombencephalon divdes into __ & ___
metencephalon & myelencephalon
101
The prosencephalon divides into ___ & ___
diencephalon & telencephalon
102
Name the 5 vesicles
```
diencephalon
telencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
```
103
What is the pontine flexure
where the rhombencephalon separates to metencephalon & myelencephalon
104
___ is btw the rhombencephalon and SC
cervical flexure
105
___ is btw the mesencephalon and prosencephalon
cephalic flexure
106
structures from the telencephalon
cerebral cortex
| corpus striatum / basal gg
107
structures from the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalmus
retina
108
Structures from the mesencephalon
Midbrain
109
Structures from the metencephalon
cerebellum
| pons
110
Structures that come from the myelencephalon
medulla
111
What is neuraxis
- neural tube
- axis of the CNS
- denotes the direction in which the CNS lies
112
Which structures are c-shaped in the brain?
corpus callosum
basal gg
hippocampus
choroid plexus/ ventricular system
113
which molecule acts as a morphogen to dictate neuronal identity to become MOTOR/EFFERENT
sonic hedgehog
- expressed in the notochord & floorplate
114
which molecule acts as a morphogen to dictate neuronal identity to become SENSORY/ AFFERENT
Bone Morphogenetic protein (BMP)
expressed in the dorsal; expressed n epidermis
115
What kind of cells are located in the mantle zone of the neural tube
cell bodies
| - become grey matter in adults
116
What kind of cells are located in the marginal zone of the neural tube
axons
| - they becone the white matter in adults
117
Radial glial cells can develop into ___ or go into the ___ phase
neurons
- or go into the gliogenic phase
118
characteristics of the neurons that develop from basal-plate derivatives
ventral / anterior horn
119
characteristics of the neurons that develop from alar-plate derivatives
dorsal- posterior horn
120
______: divides the neural tube 1/2 way btw the dorsal and ventral
sulcus limitans
121
The roof plate spreads out and becomes mostly ____
ependymal (choroid plexus)
122
The basal plate in the medulla gives of the ___ nuclei for CN __ through ___
Motor nuclei
| CN VII- XII
123
The alar plate in the medulla gives of the ___ nuclei for CN __ through ___
sensory nuclei
| for CN VII -X
124
How is development different in the telencephalon than it is in the other brain areas?
develops in 2 phases
1. archipallum
2. corpus striatum
the neocortex develops into 6 layers
125
What is the numbering and organization of the layers of the cerebral cortex? Which cells are oldest? Youngest?
youngest: layer 1 (mostly die)
oldest: Layer 6
126
Which neocortex layer receive S /M
Sensory: Layer IV
| Motor : Layer V
127
The neutral tube makes the __nervous system
CNS
- neural crest makes the PNS
128
The neural crest makes the ___ nervous sytem
PNS
| - the neural tube makes the CNS
129
What kind of cells arise from the neural crest
- Peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic ganglia
- Spinal nerves
- Schwann cells
- Melanocytes
- Adrenal medullary cells
- Pia mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Tendons of facial musculature
130
Somites derive from the medoderm and make ___(3)
dermatome: epidermal
myotome: M
sclerotome : bone
131
Neural crest cells around the trunk sclerotome become what special class of neurons
dorsal root gg
132
What type of neurons will develop around the sacral spinal cord?
PS gg
133
What vesicle is the archicortex, paleocortex, and neocortex derived from ? How many layers are in ea.
Archi: 3 layers; hippocampus
Paleo: 3-5; olfactory
Neo: 6 layers; outer cerebral hemisphere
134
What are the 5 lobes of the neocortex?
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- limbic
135
What are the major functions associated with the frontal lobe?
```
voluntary Motor
human traits, personality
higher order thinking
decision making
motor and metacognition
```
136
What are the major functions associated with the temporal lobe?
hearing
| taking in visual
137
What are the major functions associated with the parietal lobe?
```
how am I taing up space?
know what you are seing
know what you are feeling
understand 3D shapes
visualize based on sense
```
138
What are the major functions associated with the occipital lobe?
visual
139
What are the major functions associated with the limbic lobe?
feelings and emotions
140
What lobe is brocca's area located?
frontal (L)
141
What lobe is wernicke's located on
temporal
142
___ sulcus splits the cuneus and lingual visual fields
calcarine sulcus
143
Where is the insula located
where hte temporal, parietal and frontal lobes meet
| - primary gustaory cortex
144
primary gustatory cortex is the ____
insula
145
Area 4
primary Motor cortex
146
area 6
premotor supplimentary motor
147
area 8
frontal eye field
148
Area 9,10,11, and 46
prefrontal cortex
149
area 44,45,47
brocas area
150
Area 1,2,3
somatosensory (ass. cortex)
151
Area 41,42
primary auditory cortex
152
Area 22
wernick's area
153
Fxn of associated fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
associated fibers: pass from 1 part of a single hemi to another , small point to point connections
Commissural fibers: link matching areas of two hemispheres (ex: corpus collosum )
Projection fibers: run to subcortical nuclei
154
different fxn between right and left brain
left: speech, logic, language
right: spatial orientation and attention, song , art
155
What is the difference btw broccas and wenicke's
brocca: motor speech
wenicke's: interpretation and production of senstences
("W"enick's WHAT did he say?)
156
fluent aphagia deals with __ area
wernick's
157
non fluent aphagia deals with ___ area
broccas
158
Name the 4 different levels of projection fibers
coronal radiate
internal capsule
crus cerebri
pyramid
159
fxn ass. with basal gg
chains and sequences of motor activity
160
fxn of cerebellum
proprioception
161
What sensation doesnt travel through the thalmus
olfactory
162
fxn of the hypothalmus
controls ANS and neuroendocrine systems
163
location of the micturation center
pons
164
fxn of the medulla
```
vitals fxn
respiration
cardiac
consciouscess center
pathway for ascending and descending info
```
165
normals vs. pathological spaces in the meninges
epidural & subdural = patho
subarachniod = normal
166
What space belongs in the cranial meninges
subarachnoid
167
What meningeal layer feels pain?
only the dura feels pain
| - pain is referred pain
168
What nerves affect the post. dura
CN x, C1,2,3
169
What nerves affect the ant dura
CN5
170
What is the deep cerebral V
great vein of galen
| - emerges with the inf. sagittal sinus & becomes the straight sinus
