Neuro Study guide questions test 1 Flashcards
intro to neuroscience- done Neurophysio
What makes up the PNS
cranial and spinal Nerves
Sensory receptors transduce NRG into _____
electrochemical signals
- then it enters into the PNS
what are the 2 parts that make u the PNS
somatic - skeletal
autonomic- S.M (visceral)
Name the characteristics of the motor neuron in the Somatic NS
SC–> MYELINATED somatic M neuron –> Ach: contraction of skeletal M
What is the NT used by the somatic NS to contract M
Ach
What kind of M does the somatic NS innervate
skeletal
Is the somatic NS voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
List the characteristics of the neurons in the ANS
SC pregg (mostly myelinated) Ach autonomic gg postgg (unmyel) Ach or NE: contraction of SM/Cardiac M , stim/inhib of glandular secretion
What NT is present at the synapse of the ANS
AcH
What NT is present at the post gg of ANS
Ach or NE
Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
Support cells of the NS
glia
___ cells form myeline
glia
name the different cell types you’ll find in the Nervous tiss
neurons
glia
Fxn of Nucleus (3)
transcription
replication
DNA repair
Dendrite fxn (3)
helps to commuicate with other nerves
increases surface area
leads to the soma
Soma
wher the nucleus is housed
Myelin Sheath
fatty covering of the axon
covers all somatic nervous cells
covers some autonomic PREgg
made from glia
Node of ranvier
whre ions can flow back into the axon
Where the axon is un-insulate by myelin and is capable of generating an AP
Internode
portion of N fibers btw two node of ranvier
Axon terminal
an axon can have any amount of terminals but only on axon
terminal button
a bulge area where an axon terminal comes into contact with another axon
What is the most common neuron type
multipolar
Dorsal root neurons are ___polar
pseudounipolar
- 1 goes to the peripheral
- 1 goes to the SC
What is the difference btw an axon and a dendrite
axon: conducts electrical stim AWAY from the cell body
dendrite: RECEIVES stim from other cells and sends it to the soma
name the 4 types of glia cells in the CNS
astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
ependymal cells
Where are oligodendrocytes and Schwanna cells located
both- myelinate axons
oligo: CNS
Schwann- peripheral
What is the difference btw a synapse and synaptic cleft
synapse: STRUCTURE that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chem signal to another cell
Synaptic cleft: small space btw two neurons
axon hillock
wher the cell body connects to the axon
last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagate from synaptic inputs are summed before being transmitted
What type of nervous tiss divides
glia cells
-neurons do not divide
_____ synthesis proteins in the neuron
Nissl body
- Rough ER
Name of a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS and PNS (2)
CNS: nuclei
PNS: ganglion
___ is a collection of axons in the CNS
____ is a collection of axons in the PSN
CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves
______ gated channgels in the axon terminal mediate vescile binding and release of NT
voltage gated Ca+2 channels
binding and release of NT
Vesciles are tied to the active zone by (2) proteins until they can be released
actin
synaptophysin
_____ helps to withdraw vesicles back up into the synaptic cleft after actin and synaptophysin released the NT
clathrin
____ carries a nutrients down the microtubule to axon terminal
This is called ___
kinesis
antegrade transport
_____ carries material from the axon terminal and sending them back to the cell body
dynelin
retrograde
___ help N growth, migration through retrograde transport
neurotrophins
- neurons like to grow towards growth factor
_____: when there is a balance btw electrical and chem forces
equilibrium potential
What are 2 major forces that act on an individual ion to determine its movement into or out of a neuron
- potential nrg from chem conc gradient
2. potential nrg from separation of charges
What is Nearst potential based off
electrochemical forces (mV)
K : -87mV
Na+: 60mV
Cl- -64mV
Reversal potential is based off
when there is only ONE ion affecting the membrane
(ex: K+ leaky channels and electrical forces
Resting membrane potential (RMP) is based off
conc. gradient and cells permeability
What is the range for normal resting membrane potential values for a neuron
-65mV to -95mV
What kind of channels are specifically responsible for creating a graded membrane potential?
Keaky ion
Ligand gated
voltag gated
___ above RMP, the voltage gated channel will be set off
+20mV
Voltage gated channels have a ___ feedback mechanism
positive feedback
- making it all or none
What kind of ion channels are responsible for EPSP
Na+ ligand gated and voltage gated
What kind of ion channels are responsible for IPISP
Cl- channels
What kind of ion channels are responsible for EPSP
Na+ ligand gated and voltage gated
What kind of ion channels are responsible for IPISP
Cl- channels
___: the degree to which ion channels are open for a given area on the cell membrane
conductance
- inverse of resistance
increase conductance = incr____ & ___
amt of channels open at the same time
time the channel is open
name 2 locations where resistance affects current
membrane
cytoplasm
the bigger the diameter of the axon = higher ____
velocity
What type of ion channels are responsible for NT release
voltage gated Ca+2 channels
the activation of _____ causes the release of vesicles from actin to be brought into the cleft
calmodulin
_____ helps to withdraw vesicle components back from the synpatic cleft
clathrin
There is a ___ amount of NT released for each AP
fixed amount
- unless the neuron was activated 3x in a row= quanta
Tetrodotoxin blocks ___ channel
voltage gated Na+ channel
- no AP
- death, zombie
Botulinum blocks ___ channel
blocks vesicle fusion at the neuromuscular jxn
- actin can not move myosin
Apamin blocks ___ channel
K+ channel
- no repolarization
- spams
curare blocks ___ channels
nicotinic receptors of Ach
M weakness
____ potentials are all or none
Action potentials
- verses Graded potential that has EPSP and IPSP
AP are the sum result of ___ potentials
graded potentials
ionotrophic channels are ___ gated
ligand gated
What is GPCR
g protein
- it acts as a secondary receptor for metabotrophic binding
Name the three ionotrophic exitatory AA
AMPA : Na+ influx
kainate
NMDA: depolarization
What is the most prevalent excitatory NT
glutamate
ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of glutamate
Ionotrophic: AMPA , kainite, NMDA
Metabotrophic: MGLUR
ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of GABA
ionotrophic: GABA A
Metabo: GABA B , GIRK
ionotrophic & metabotrophic receptors of Ach
ionotrophic: nicotinic
metabotrophic: Muscarinic
___ is a AA NT inhibitor that triggers IPSP by expelling K+
GIR”K”
Muscarinic receptors are found in the ___
CNS
Nicotinic receptors are found in the ____
PNS
Why would you treat myasthenia gravis with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Blocking acetylecholinesterase allows the enzyme to be around longer in the motor end plate. This allows the NT a bigger chance to stim the receptor site
What are the brains major centers of dopamine synthesis
substania nigra
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
What area is involved in dysfunctional signaling of dopamine in parkingsons dx
substantia nigra
What area is involved in dysfunctional signaling of dopamine in addictions and schizophrenia
ventral tegmental area
What are dopamine receptors
D1= excitatory
D2 = inhib
GPCRs
what is the major area of NE production
Locus Seruleus in the pons
What type of receptrs does NE use
2 alpha & 2 beta
What will inactivate dopamine and NE
MAO
- MAOI will bloc this and allow the NT to continue = tx for depression
What is the brains major area of serotonin synthesis
raphe nuclei of the brainstem (midbrain)
____ is used in meds to decrease the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell
SSRI
_____ is a neuropeptide that is co-released withglutamate that makes us feel tired
adenosine
Why does caffein prevent us from falling asleep
it is the antagonist of adenosine
- it blocks the receptor sites of adenosine in the post synaptic receptor
Which develops first : neurons, neuropils, or glia
neurons first
neuropil and glia are produced after birth
From what can a totipotent cell develop?
Morula→ there are enough cells at this point that can make a fetus
From what can a pluripotent cell develop?
late blastocyst
What is gastrulation
when cell diff begins
transformation from bilayer to trilayer embry
produces 3 germ layers
Name the 3 germ layers and what comes from each of them
ecto- skin, NS
medoderm- skeletal and M
endo- Gut tube
What is neurulation ? And what appears first
neural tube closing
plate–> groove –> tube
neural induction follows gastrulation from morphogens acting on ___
ectoderm
The block of which morphogen keeps ectoderm from developing into epidermis
BMP
- notochord blocks BMP so the tiss turns into neural tiss
What is the major differ btw spina bifida and anencephaly
spina bifida = incomplete CAUDAL neural tube closure
anencephaly= incomplete ROSTRAL neural tube closure
diffferent btw meningocele and meningomyelocele
meningocele: CSF and Meninges
Meningomyelocele: SC, CSF, and meninges
What are the three primary vesicles that form in the rostral end of the neural tube?
prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon- midbrain
rhombencephalon- hindbrain
The rhombencephalon divdes into __ & ___
metencephalon & myelencephalon
The prosencephalon divides into ___ & ___
diencephalon & telencephalon
Name the 5 vesicles
diencephalon telencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
What is the pontine flexure
where the rhombencephalon separates to metencephalon & myelencephalon
___ is btw the rhombencephalon and SC
cervical flexure
___ is btw the mesencephalon and prosencephalon
cephalic flexure
structures from the telencephalon
cerebral cortex
corpus striatum / basal gg
structures from the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalmus
retina
Structures from the mesencephalon
Midbrain
Structures from the metencephalon
cerebellum
pons
Structures that come from the myelencephalon
medulla
What is neuraxis
- neural tube
- axis of the CNS
- denotes the direction in which the CNS lies
Which structures are c-shaped in the brain?
corpus callosum
basal gg
hippocampus
choroid plexus/ ventricular system
which molecule acts as a morphogen to dictate neuronal identity to become MOTOR/EFFERENT
sonic hedgehog
- expressed in the notochord & floorplate
which molecule acts as a morphogen to dictate neuronal identity to become SENSORY/ AFFERENT
Bone Morphogenetic protein (BMP)
expressed in the dorsal; expressed n epidermis
What kind of cells are located in the mantle zone of the neural tube
cell bodies
- become grey matter in adults
What kind of cells are located in the marginal zone of the neural tube
axons
- they becone the white matter in adults
Radial glial cells can develop into ___ or go into the ___ phase
neurons
- or go into the gliogenic phase
characteristics of the neurons that develop from basal-plate derivatives
ventral / anterior horn
characteristics of the neurons that develop from alar-plate derivatives
dorsal- posterior horn
______: divides the neural tube 1/2 way btw the dorsal and ventral
sulcus limitans
The roof plate spreads out and becomes mostly ____
ependymal (choroid plexus)
The basal plate in the medulla gives of the ___ nuclei for CN __ through ___
Motor nuclei
CN VII- XII
The alar plate in the medulla gives of the ___ nuclei for CN __ through ___
sensory nuclei
for CN VII -X
How is development different in the telencephalon than it is in the other brain areas?
develops in 2 phases
- archipallum
- corpus striatum
the neocortex develops into 6 layers
What is the numbering and organization of the layers of the cerebral cortex? Which cells are oldest? Youngest?
youngest: layer 1 (mostly die)
oldest: Layer 6
Which neocortex layer receive S /M
Sensory: Layer IV
Motor : Layer V
The neutral tube makes the __nervous system
CNS
- neural crest makes the PNS
The neural crest makes the ___ nervous sytem
PNS
- the neural tube makes the CNS
What kind of cells arise from the neural crest
- Peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic ganglia
- Spinal nerves
- Schwann cells
- Melanocytes
- Adrenal medullary cells
- Pia mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Tendons of facial musculature
Somites derive from the medoderm and make ___(3)
dermatome: epidermal
myotome: M
sclerotome : bone
Neural crest cells around the trunk sclerotome become what special class of neurons
dorsal root gg
What type of neurons will develop around the sacral spinal cord?
PS gg
What vesicle is the archicortex, paleocortex, and neocortex derived from ? How many layers are in ea.
Archi: 3 layers; hippocampus
Paleo: 3-5; olfactory
Neo: 6 layers; outer cerebral hemisphere
What are the 5 lobes of the neocortex?
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- limbic
What are the major functions associated with the frontal lobe?
voluntary Motor human traits, personality higher order thinking decision making motor and metacognition
What are the major functions associated with the temporal lobe?
hearing
taking in visual
What are the major functions associated with the parietal lobe?
how am I taing up space? know what you are seing know what you are feeling understand 3D shapes visualize based on sense
What are the major functions associated with the occipital lobe?
visual
What are the major functions associated with the limbic lobe?
feelings and emotions
What lobe is brocca’s area located?
frontal (L)
What lobe is wernicke’s located on
temporal
___ sulcus splits the cuneus and lingual visual fields
calcarine sulcus
Where is the insula located
where hte temporal, parietal and frontal lobes meet
- primary gustaory cortex
primary gustatory cortex is the ____
insula
Area 4
primary Motor cortex
area 6
premotor supplimentary motor
area 8
frontal eye field
Area 9,10,11, and 46
prefrontal cortex
area 44,45,47
brocas area
Area 1,2,3
somatosensory (ass. cortex)
Area 41,42
primary auditory cortex
Area 22
wernick’s area
Fxn of associated fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
associated fibers: pass from 1 part of a single hemi to another , small point to point connections
Commissural fibers: link matching areas of two hemispheres (ex: corpus collosum )
Projection fibers: run to subcortical nuclei
different fxn between right and left brain
left: speech, logic, language
right: spatial orientation and attention, song , art
What is the difference btw broccas and wenicke’s
brocca: motor speech
wenicke’s: interpretation and production of senstences
(“W”enick’s WHAT did he say?)
fluent aphagia deals with __ area
wernick’s
non fluent aphagia deals with ___ area
broccas
Name the 4 different levels of projection fibers
coronal radiate
internal capsule
crus cerebri
pyramid
fxn ass. with basal gg
chains and sequences of motor activity
fxn of cerebellum
proprioception
What sensation doesnt travel through the thalmus
olfactory
fxn of the hypothalmus
controls ANS and neuroendocrine systems
location of the micturation center
pons
fxn of the medulla
vitals fxn respiration cardiac consciouscess center pathway for ascending and descending info
normals vs. pathological spaces in the meninges
epidural & subdural = patho
subarachniod = normal
What space belongs in the cranial meninges
subarachnoid
What meningeal layer feels pain?
only the dura feels pain
- pain is referred pain
What nerves affect the post. dura
CN x, C1,2,3
What nerves affect the ant dura
CN5
What is the deep cerebral V
great vein of galen
- emerges with the inf. sagittal sinus & becomes the straight sinus
