Neuro Patho (pd)

Question 1

What’s Parkinson’s disease

Answer 1

Chronic progressive degenerative disorder resulting from degeneration of dopamine producing neurones in the substantia migra of the basal ganglia

Question 2

Characteristics of pd

Answer 2

Tremor, disturbance of movement, posture and balance, also rigidity and bradykinesia

Question 3

What’s the role of the basal ganglia

Answer 3

Regulation, planning initiation and termination of movement, regulates muscle tone, controls sub conscious

Question 4

What’s the substania nigra

Answer 4

Main source of dopamine which is a neuro transmitter, basal ganglia part of a series of parallel loops involving thalamus and cerebral cortex
Direct pathway- promotes movement
Indirect pathway- inhibits movement
Dopamine excites direct pathway and inhibits indirect pathway

Question 5

What does degeneration of substantia nigra lead too

Answer 5

In pd degeneration in substantia nigra leads to lack of excitement leads to lack of movement, because there’s a lack of excitement of direct pathway, and lack of inhibition to indirect therefore = lack of movement

Question 6

Cardinal signs of pd

Answer 6

Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity

Question 7

What’s bradykinesia

Answer 7

Slowness of movement, slow initiation, reduction in speed and amplitude of movement, inhibitory affect in thalamus suppression of movement in cortex

Question 8

What’s a resting tremor

Answer 8

Lack of dopamine leads to release of inhibition of tremor occurs when muscles are relaxed such as when hands are resting on lap

Question 9

What’s rigidity

Answer 9

Lack of dopamine results in rigidity stiff or inflexible muscles

Question 10

What develops later in the disease

Answer 10

Postural instability, characteristic flexed posture, flexed hips, knees

Question 11

Outcome measures for pd

Answer 11

Hoehn yahr scale,

Question 12

Medical management

Answer 12

Madopar, cinemet, dopamine replacements, anticholinergic drugs block neuro transmitter acetylcholine, can be used to treat over active bladder or pd

Question 13

Physio intervention for pd

Answer 13

Specific stretches, strengthening exercise, cardio vascular exercise,posture extension, balance, gait re education, falls prevention, functional activities, fatigue management, pain management (tens, hot, cold etc) cueing

Question 14

What’s cueing

Answer 14

Treatment that uses visual and auditory