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Neuroanatomy final exam > Neuro- olfactory and visual > Flashcards

Neuro- olfactory and visual Flashcards

1
Q

the cell bodies of what type of neurons are found in the surface epithelium of the olfactory system

A

primary afferent neurons (SSA)

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2
Q

what is special about the primary afferent neurons of the olfactory system

A

they are replaced monthly

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3
Q

the centrally directed processes of the ______ ______ _____ neuron is the olfactory nerve

A

bipolar primary afferent

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4
Q

the olfactory nerve passes through what?

A

the cribiform plate

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5
Q

what type of olfactory neuron projects directly to the cerebral cortex

A

mitral cell, second order neuron

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6
Q

Olfactory dysfunction can be an early sign of what?

A

Alzheimer disease

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7
Q

what causes the severing of olfactory nerve fibers? where does this occur?

A

head trauma

-occurs at the cribiform plate

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8
Q

Lateral fibers from primary olfactory nerves terminate where?

A

Piriform lobe/cortex

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9
Q

what are the 3 parts the piriform cortex?

A

1) Uncus
2) Periamygdaloid cortex
3) Anterior entorhinal cortex

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10
Q

nerve fibers from the piriform lobe can reach the Posterior orbitofrontal cortex via what?

A

Mediodorsal nucleus (MD) section of the thalamus

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11
Q

what is special about the Posterior orbitofrontal cortex?

A

it is where we consciously appreciate smells

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12
Q

olfactory tract neurons arise from where? where do they terminate?

A

origin- olfactory bulb

termination- piriform cortex

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13
Q

cortical reorganization follows what?

A

olfactory loss

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14
Q

an image passing through the pupil is _____

A

inverted

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15
Q

what is a visual field? A retinal field?

A

Visual- what the patient sees

Retinal- region of the retina onto which the image is projected

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16
Q

where is the fovea centralis found?

A

within the macula lutea (directly behind cornea)

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17
Q

where are a high concentration of cones found?

A

fovea centralis

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18
Q

the peripheral retina has a high concentration of ____

A

rods

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19
Q

what is the peripheral retina sensitive to?

A

Light levels & movement

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20
Q

where is the “Blind spot” of the eye?

A

Optic disk

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21
Q

where do optic nerve fibers exit the eye?

A

the optic disk

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22
Q

the retina is the visual __________

A

neuroepithelium

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23
Q

name the layers of neurons of the retina

A

(From superficial to deep)
A) ganglion cells (either parvo or magnocellular)
B) Bipolar cells
C) Rods/Cones

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24
Q

which neuron provides high resolution images and registers color?

A

cones

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25
Q

ganglion midget/parvocellular cells serve the ______

A

macula

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26
Q

Ganglion midget cells are the origin of which visual system?

A

(AKA- ganglion Parvocellular cells)

- the “what” visual system

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27
Q

Ganglion parasol/magnocellular cells serve what?

A

the peripheral retina

they are large cells

28
Q

ganglion parasol cells are the origin of what?

A

Magnocellular visual system

29
Q

_____ cells help identify the object we are looking at

A

ganglion midget cells

30
Q

_____ cells are found in the periphery. they help locate where an object is

A

parasol

31
Q

the optic nerve gives a ______ projection

A

retinotopic

32
Q

the optic nerve is covered by what?

A

meninges

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
33
Q

increased ____ _____ can affect the optic disk

A

CSF pressure

34
Q

what structure sets our circadian rhythm?

A

Hypothalamus

-the suprachiasmatic nucleus

35
Q

during the pupillary light reflex, afferent fibers from the optic nerve synapse on the _____

A

Pretectum

36
Q

where do the efferent fibers from the Pretectum go during the pupillary light reflex?

A

to the edingter-westphal nucleus

then out in the oculomotor nerve

37
Q

the pupillary light reflex is both ____ and ____

A

direct and consensual

38
Q

T/F: the retina must always send signals to the amygdala thru the superior colliculus

A

false- the retina can also send info directly to amygdala

39
Q

what types of images are involved with the amygdala?

A

emotionally significant

40
Q

what are the projections from the Lateral geniculate body?

A

Geniculocalcarine projections

-become “optic radiations” and eventually reach the primary visual cortex

41
Q

what is the name of the important fissure found in the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine fissure

42
Q

fibers from the lateral geniculate body travel to the _________

A

primary visual cortex

43
Q

what are the areas of the occipital lobe important for vision?

A
  • primary visual (straite) cortex

- secondary & tertiary (extrastriate) cortex

44
Q

blindness due to a loss of the primary visual cortex can still do what?

A

determine object location by vision

45
Q

a loss of what structure causes a person to “deny blindness”

A

primary visual cortex

known as “Anton syndrome”

46
Q

Visual Agnosia is the loss of what?

A

secondary and/or tertiary visual cortex

47
Q

what can sufferers of Visual Agnosia not do?

A
  • Recognize (name) objects based on vision

- Know what object is used for

48
Q

Charles Bonnet Syndrome causes what?

A

Visual hallucinations

49
Q

what is Charles Bonnet syndrome associated with?

A

age and reduced vision:
A) cataracts
B) Glaucoma
C) Macular degeneration

50
Q

T/F: the visual hallucinations can be emotionally disturbing to sufferers of Charles Bonnet syndrome

A

False- they are amusing or disturbing but not emtional

51
Q

the visual processing occurring in the secondary & tertiary visual areas:

A

A) color and stereopsis
B) movement/direction/velocity
C) perceived motion of stationary targets as person moves

52
Q

what region is responsible for processing visual info about movement/direction/velocity?

A

-V5/MT areas

secondary & tert visual areas

53
Q

the MST (medial supr temporal area) is responsible for what?

A
  • part of the dorsal stream

- visual processing- perceived motion of a stationary target when observer is moving

54
Q

the “what”/ventral visual system: summary

A

A) midget parvocellular retinal ganglion cells

B) identification of visual image

C) processed as part of a ventral stream

55
Q

The “where”/dorsal visual system: summary

A

A) parasol magnocellular retinal ganglion cells

B) location, movement of visual image

C) processed as part of a dorsal stream

56
Q

What is the fusiform face area (FFA)?

A
  • inferior aspect of occipitotemporal cortex

- identifies faces

57
Q

what is Prosopagnosia? what causes it?

A

Loss of ability to name faces

- caused by lesion of FFA

58
Q

T/F: the fusiform face area (FFA) is larger on the dominant hemisphere of the brain

A

false- larger on the non-dominant side

59
Q

Which retinal neuron gives rise to the fibers of the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cell (axons)

60
Q

Name three structures in which primary visual fibers terminate

A

1) Amygdala
2) lateral geniculate body
3) Visual cortex (in the optic lobe)

61
Q

a lesion of the Optic Nerve will lead to what?

A

monocular blindness

one eye blind

62
Q

a lesion to the Optic Chiasm will causes what?

A

loss of lateral vision

63
Q

Optic Tract lesion:

A

Loss in contralateral half of each eye

ex- lesion of the right optic tract- vision from the left side of BOTH eyes

64
Q

Geniculocalcarine tract lesion:

A

Quadrantanopia

  • loss of one quadrant from each eye
  • example: loss of the upper right quadrant from BOTH eyes
65
Q

injury to the Primary Visual Cortex:

A

Anton Syndrome (denial of blindness)

Neuroanatomy final exam (10 decks)

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