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BRS YEAR 2 > Neuro - Motor Control > Flashcards

Neuro - Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is hierarchical organisation?

A

Complex tasks involve higher order areas whereas simple tasks only involve lower orders

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2
Q

What is functional segregation?

A

Different areas of motor system control different aspects of movement

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3
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A

Receives information from other cortical areas and sends commands to the thalamus and brainstem

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4
Q

What do the cerebellum and basal ganglia do?

A

Adjust the commands received from other parts of the motor system

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5
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

Passes commands from the cortex to the spinal cord

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6
Q

What are the main pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar

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7
Q

What are pyramidal tracts associated with

A

Voluntary movement

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8
Q

Describe the course of pyramidal tracts

A

Cross through the pyramids from the motor cortex going to the spinal cord or the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem m

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9
Q

What are the main extrapyramidal tracts

A

Vestibulo, rubro, reticulo, tectospinal

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10
Q

What are extrapyramidal tracts associated with?

A

Automatic movements for balance, posture and locomotion

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11
Q

Describe the course of extrapyramidal tracts

A

Don’t cross the pyramids, lower motor neurones found in the brainstem or cranial nerve nuclei

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12
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

Precentral gyrus

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13
Q

What does the supplementary area do>

A

Plans complex movements such as internally cued speech, active prior to voluntary movement

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14
Q

What does the premotor area do

A

Plans movements that are externally cued e.g. seeing a cup of coffee and going to pick it up

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15
Q

What are the 2 fates of corticospinal neurones

A

Either decussate or don’t at the level of the medulla

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16
Q

Where do uncrossed corticospinal fibres innervate

A

Form the anterior tract to innervate the axial/trunk muscles

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17
Q

Where do crossed corticospinal fibres innervate

A

Form the lateral tract to innervate the limbs

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18
Q

What does a motor homunculus show

A

Homunculus shows how much of the brain is devoted to different aspects of the body

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19
Q

What is somatotropic representation

A

Body is mapped to show that different motor neurones in that area will be responsible for that particular body part

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20
Q

What is the role of the corticobulbar tract

A

Responsible for the voluntary movement of the muscles of the face (and neck)

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21
Q

Describe the pathway of corticobulbar neurones

A

Originates from the motor cortex and synapses onto the CN nuclei in the brainstem

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22
Q

What is the role of the vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Stabilises the head during body/head movements
  • Coordinates head movements with eye movements
  • Mediates postural adjustments
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23
Q

What is the role of the reticulospinal tract

A
  • From medulla and pons
  • Changes in muscle tone associated with voluntary movement
  • Postural stability
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24
Q

What is the role of the tectopsinal tract

A
  • From superior colliculus of the midbrain

- Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

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25
Q

What is the role of the rubrospinal tract

A
  • From red nucleus of the midbrain
  • Mainly taken over by corticospinal tract
  • Innervates lower motor neurones of flexors of the upper limb
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26
Q

When does the rubrospinal tract become more involved in motor control?

A

When there are lesions of the CNS

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27
Q

What is a negative sign for motor tract lesions

A

Loss of movement
Paresis
Paralysis

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28
Q

What is a positive sign for motor tract lesions

A 
Additional abnormal functioning
Spasticity
Hyperreflexia 
Clonus
Babinski's sign
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29
Q

What is a negative sign indicative of

A

LMN lesions

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30
Q

What is a positive sign indicative of

A

UMN lesions

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31
Q

What is apraxia a sign of

A

UMN lesion

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32
Q

What is apraxia

A

Disorder of skilled movements as the patient can no longer perform them

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33
Q

What is a common caused of apraxia

A

Stroke and dementia, or lesions at the inferior parietal lobe, or the supplementary/premotor area of the fontal lobe

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34
Q

What are the signs of lower motor neurone lesions

A 
Weakness
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Atrophy 
Fasciculations
Fibrillations
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35
Q

What are fasciculations

A

Visible twitches due to damaged motor neurones producing action potentials at the NMJ

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36
Q

What are fibrillations

A

Non visible witching seen in needle electromyography examination

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37
Q

What is motor neurone disease (MND)

A

A progressively degenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurones in the brainstem (also called ALS)

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38
Q

What is the cure for MND

A

There us none - it eventually causes death due to decreasing function of respiratory muscles

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39
Q

What are UMN signs of MND

A 
Spasticity
Brisk/exaggerated reflexes 
Babinski +
Loss of dexterity
Dysarthria (trouble speaking)
Dysphagia
40
Q

What are LMN signs of MND

A 
Weakness
Muscle eating 
Tongue fasciculations + wasting
Nasal speech 
Dysphagia
41
Q

What structures are in the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Lentiform nucleus 
Nucleus Accumbens 
Subthalamic nuclei 
Substantia nigra
Ventral pallidum, claustrum, nucleus basalis

(Some Say Vicious Lions Nor Cats Can Nap)

42
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Decisions to move
Elaborating associated movements
Moderating and coordinating movement
Performing movement in order

(Don’t Ever Make Pounces)

43
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made of?

A

Putamen and external globus pallidum

44
Q

What is the striatum made of?

A

Caudate and putamen

45
Q

What is the basic reason as to why the basal ganglia are commonly involved in many diseases?

A

There is complicated circuitry that interlinks the different structures of the basal ganglia

46
Q

What is Parkinson’s?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones originating in the substantial nigra and projecting onto the striatum, resulting in a movement disorder with a deficiency in small dextrous movements

47
Q

What are the signs of Parkinson’s

A 
Bradykinesia
Hypomimic face 
Akinesia 
Rigidity 
Tremor at rest
48
Q

What is bradykinesia

A

Loss in dexterity

49
Q

Describe the tremor in Parkinsons

A

4-7Hz - starts in 1 hand but then spreads

50
Q

What is Huntingtons

A

Degeneration of GABA neurones in the striatum, caudate and then putamen

51
Q

What are the signs of Huntingtons

A 
Choreic movements 
Speech impairment 
Dysphagia 
Unsteady gait
Eventually cognitive decline/dementia
52
Q

What are choreic movements

A

Dance like movements of the hands and face, then legs and then rest of body

53
Q

What is ballism

A

Sudden uncontrolled flinging of the extremities usually from a stroke affecting the sub-thalamic nucleus.
generally one sided and contralateral

54
Q

Where is the cerebellum found in the skull

A

Posterior cranial fossa

55
Q

What covers the cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

56
Q

What is the rile of the cerebellum

A

Prediction and coordination of movement - takes descending signals and compares them with afferent signals to coordinate movement and make them fluid

57
Q

What are the parts of the cerebellum

A

Vestibulo
Spino
Cerebro

58
Q

What is the role of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Regulate gait, posture and equilibrium

Coordinate head movements with eye movements

59
Q

What is the role of the spinocerebellum

A

Coordinate speech
Adjusts muscle tone
Coordinates limb movements

60
Q

What is the role of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Coordination of skilled movements

Aspects of cognitive attention control

61
Q

What are the signs of damage to the vestibulocerebellum

A

Gait ataxia
Tendency to fall even when spatially aware
(similar to vestibular disease)

62
Q

What are the signs of damage to the spinocerebellum

A

Abnormal gait/ wide based stance

63
Q

What are the signs of damage to the cerebrocerebellum

A

Affects skill/ coordinated movements

64
Q

What are the main signs of cerebellar dysfunction

A 
Dysmetria 
Intention tremor 
Scanning speech 
Dysdiadochokinesia
Ataxia
65
Q

What is key about cerebellar dysfunction

A

Apparent only on movement

66
Q

What is dysmetria

A

Inappropriate force and distance for targeted movement

67
Q

What is ataxia

A

Weide based/staggering/drunken gait

68
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia

A

Can’t perform rapidly alternating movements such as supination and pronation

69
Q

What is scanning speech

A

Staccato due to speech muscle coordination loss

70
Q

What is intention tremor

A

Oscillating trajectory of a limb in target direct movement

71
Q

What do extrafusal fibres do

A

Have contractile elements

72
Q

What do intrafusal fibres do

A

These have sensory organs/ detect stretch

73
Q

What happens upon alpha motor neurone activation

A

Contraction of muscle fibres

74
Q

What is the motor neurone pool

A

All the alpha fibres innervating a single muscle

75
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Single motor neurone and all the fibres it is innervating

76
Q

How many motor units are there

A

420,000 - each unit has around 600 muscle fibres

77
Q

What does single unit stimulation cause

A

Contraction by all the innervated fibres

78
Q

What does a small innervation ratio mean

A

The motor unit is involved with fine precise movement

79
Q

What are the different types of motor unit

A

Slow
Fast fatiguable
Fast fatigue resistant

80
Q

What do slow units do

A

Smallest diameter cell body and smallest dendritic trees, thinnest axons with the slowest conduction velocity - produce a very small amount of force for a long time but slow generation

81
Q

What do fast fatigue resistant fibres do

A

Produce a bit more force but slow generation of more force

82
Q

What do fast fatiguable units do

A

Produce much more force and generate this quickly but tire quickly

83
Q

What is recruitment

A

Slow units recruited first but then the CNS will recruit more units including FR and FF as more and more force is required

84
Q

What is rate coding

A

happens simultaneously with recruitment - slow motoru units fire at a low frequency but an increase in firing rate causes a greater force produced

85
Q

What are neurotrophic factors

A

Type of growth factor preventing neuronal death and promoting neurone growth after injury

86
Q

Why do we get slower contraction times as we age

A

Loss of muscle fibres but preferentially type 2a and 2b therefore the proportion of slow twitch units increases

87
Q

What is a reflex

A

An automatic response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse passing inward from a receptor to a nerve centre and then outward to an effector (as a muscle or gland) without reaching the level of consciousness

88
Q

What is the Jendrassik effect?

A

When we clench our first when carrying out a reflex, the reflex is much greater as the effect means that we reduce inhibitors of the reflex coming from the CNS (descending/supraspinal inhibition)

89
Q

What is decerebration

A

This is when we detach the cortex from the lower brainstem/spinal cord to give a much greater reflex/tonic response - this is because the CNS has a baseline level of inhibition and can be related to rigidity and spasticity

90
Q

What are propriospinal neurones

A

Interneurones that go up and down the spinal cord to activate nearby muscles

91
Q

What are gamma motor neurones

A

Altering sensitivity of sensory organs in the muscle - they don’t produce muscle contraction however they sensitise the muscle and its sensory organs

92
Q

What is clonus

A

UMN dysfunction demonstrated through involuntary and rhythmic muscle contraction of the foot

93
Q

What is a positive Babinski sign

A

When we stroke the outside sole and across the ball of the feet - the toes should point downward however if Babinski positive the toes still point upwards therefore is an upper motor neurone lesion

94
Q

What is a normal Babinski in infants

A

The toes to point upwards (a positive Babinksi sign)

95
Q

What is hyporeflexia

A

Below normal or absent reflexes due to efferent arm being affected therefore associated with a lower motor neurone lesion

BRS YEAR 2 (37 decks)

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