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BRS YEAR 2 > Neuro - Cortical Organisation and Function > Flashcards

Neuro - Cortical Organisation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cerebral cortex cover?

A

The entire brain surface

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2
Q

What is the cerebral cortex made up of?

A

Grey matter continuous with deep nuclei, and is organised into lobes

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3
Q

What is present at the surface of the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey (outfoldings) and sulci (infolds)

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4
Q

What gives the cortex its grey appearance?

A

Neuronal cell bodies (nuclei)

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5
Q

How is the cortex divided up?

A

Into columns and rows, then into lobes

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6
Q

What are the layers of the cortex?

A 
Molecular layer
External granular
External pyramidal
Internal granular
Internal pyramidal
Multiform layer
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7
Q

How did Brodmann allocate cells for cytoarchitectural organisation?

A

Based on:

  • Cell size
  • Cell packing/spacing density
  • Layers
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8
Q

How many regions are there for cytoarchitecture organisation?

A

52

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9
Q

What region make up the primary motor cortex?

A

4

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10
Q

What regions make up the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

1,2,3

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11
Q

What are the 4 main lobes of the brain + 2 other deeper lobes?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Limbic lobe, insular cortex

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12
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A 
BLAMER:
Behaviour
Language
Attention
Memory
Executive cognitive function
Regulation and initiation off motor function
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13
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

SSS
Sensation e.g. touch and pain
Sensory aspect of language
Spacial orientation/ self perception

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14
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Processes visual information

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15
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Emotion
Memory
Processing auditory information

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16
Q

What is the role of the limbic lobe?

A

Emotion, memory, learning, reward and motivation

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17
Q

What are the structures within the limbic lobe?

A

Mamillary bodies x2
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate gyrus

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18
Q

Where is the insular cortex found?

A

Deep inside to the lateral fissure - it has gyri and sulci on its surface

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19
Q

What is the role of the insular cortex?

A 
AVIVA:
Autonomic control
Visceral sensation
Interception
Visual-vestibular integration
Auditory processing
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20
Q

What makes up grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

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21
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

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22
Q

Is all grey matter cortical?

A

No, some grey matter is found within the deep nuclei which are continuous with cortical grey matter

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23
Q

What are the three white matter tract types?

A

Association fibres
Commissural fibres
Projection fibres

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24
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Connect areas within the same hemisphere

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25
Q

What make up association fibres?

A

Long and short fibres

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26
Q

What are the 4 association fasciculi (long fibres)?

A

Arcuate - frontal + temporal
Superior longitudinal - Frontal + occipital
Inferior longitudinal - Temporal + occipital
Uncinate - Anterior frontal + occipital

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27
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Connect homologous structures of the left and right hemispheres

28
Q

What are the 2 commissural fibres?

A

Corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

29
Q

What is the surgical significance of the corpus callosum?

A

Can be surgically disconnected in the case of epilepsy to prevent inter lobe overactivity

30
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Connect cortex with lower brain structures e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord

31
Q

What are afferent/efferent fibres?

A 
Afferent = towards cortex.
Efferent = away from cortex
32
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

A white matter sheet formed from the projection fibres that compresses as we move towards the spinal cord

33
Q

Where do the projection fibres converge through?

A

Thalamus and basal ganglia within the internal capsule

34
Q

What is the basic difference between primary and secondary cortices?

A

Primary receives the basic information but secondary takes said information and adds meaning/complexity to it

35
Q

What are the specific differences between primary and secondary cortices?

A

Function: 1 is predictable, 2 is unpredictable
There is topographic orientation in 1, not in 2.
There is left-right symmetry in 1, not in 2

36
Q

What is the role of the supplementary area?

A

Although descending signals originate in the primary motor cortex, the supplementary are is concerned with the planning of complex movement that is internally cued e.g. speech

37
Q

What is the role of the premotor area?

A

Planning complex movement that is externally cued for example seeing a cup of coffee and picking it up

38
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex receive? (6)

A 
Fine touch 
Proprioception
Temperature
Pain 
Vibration 
two-point discrimination
39
Q

What does the somatosensory association cortex do?

A

Processes the significance of information and adds meaning to it. It also has a role in self perception and personal space

40
Q

What does the primary visual cortex do?

A

Receives visual stimuli

41
Q

What does the visual association area do?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation to the visual input

42
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do?

A

Receives auditory stimuli

43
Q

What does the auditory association cortex do?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation to the auditory stimuli

44
Q

What is the role of Broca’s area?

A

Found in the left frontal lobe - involved in the production of speech

45
Q

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

A

Found in the left temporal lobe - involved in the interpretation of speech

46
Q

Lesion to frontal cortex?

A

Change in personality and inappropriate behaviour due to prefrontal cortex damage

47
Q

Lesion to Broca’s?

A

Expressive aphasia

48
Q

Lesion to parietal lobe?

A

Contralateral neglect - lack of internal and external awareness on side opposite to lesion

49
Q

Lesion to temporal?

A

Agnosia - inability to recognise/ anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories

50
Q

Lesion to Wernicke’s?

A

Receptive aphasia

51
Q

Lesion to primary visual?

A

Blindness in corresponding part of visual field

52
Q

Lesion to visual association area?

A

Interpretation deficit for vision - e.g. prosopagnosia (inability to recognise/learn familiar/new faces)

53
Q

What imaging can we use for cortical function?

A

PET or fMRI

54
Q

What does PET do?

A

Uses radioactively labelled glucose to measure blood flow going directly to the brain

55
Q

What does fMRI do?

A

Measures the level of blood oxygen that is in a brain region

56
Q

What is EEG?

A

Electroencephalography - measures brain’s produced electrical signals in response to an evoked potential

57
Q

What is MEG?

A

Magnetoencephalography - measures the magnetic signals produced by the brain in response to an event-related/evoked potential

58
Q

What is the role of somatosensory evoked potentials e.g. median nerve stimuli?

A

We can use different probes around the body, e.g. at the wrist where the stimuli originates, at the shoulder, at the spinal cord, at the thalamus and at the cortex to see if there is any delay in the impulse travelling to the somatosensory cortex.

59
Q

What does brain stimulation do?

A

Assesses the functional integrity of neural circuits in theb brain by stimulating neurones

60
Q

What is TMS?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation - can stimulate neurones to produce an output e.g. muscle movement in hand

61
Q

What can brain stimulation/TMS be used for?

A

Investigate neuronal interaction controlling movement e.g. after a spinal cord injury.
We can see if a particular area of the brain maps to a particular function

62
Q

What is tDCS?

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation - low direct current over the scalp can be used to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

63
Q

What is DTI?

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging - based on water molecule diffusion.

64
Q

What is DTI w/tractopgraphy?

A

DTI can be used to illustrate tracts such as the corona radiata

65
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex

A

DAPPA:

Decision making
Attention 
Planning
Personality expression
Adjusting social behaviour

BRS YEAR 2 (37 decks)

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