Neuro: Diencephalon and Cerebellum

Question 1

AN

Answer 1

• Anterior Nuclear group
• Input:
  
  • Mamillary Bodies (Mamillothalmic tract)
  • Hippocampus via Fornix
• Output:
  
  • Cingulate Gyrus (Limbic, part of Papez circuit)

Question 2

VA

Answer 2

• Ventral Anterior nucleus
• Input: (Motor)
  
  • Globus pallidus
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Substantia nigra
• Output:
  
  • Primary Motor cortex
  • Supplementary Motor Area

Question 3

VL

Answer 3

• Ventral Lateral nucleus
• Input: (Motor)
  
  • Globus Pallidus
• Output:
  
  • Anterior: SMA
  • Posterior: SMA and Cerebellum

Question 4

VPL

Answer 4

• Ventral Posterior Lateral (Sensory)
• Input:
  
  • Medial Lemniscus
  • Spinothalamic tract
• Output
  
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Question 5

VPM

Answer 5

• Ventral Posterior Medial (Sensory)
• Input:
  
  • Trigeminal (CN V), Sensory from Face
  • CTT (Taste)
• Output:
  
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Question 6

LGB

Answer 6

• Lateral Geniculate Body (Sensory)
• Input:
  
  • Vision from Optic Tract
• Output:
  
  • First-degree visual cortex

Question 7

MGB

Answer 7

• Medial Geniculate Body (Sensory)
• Input:
  
  • Auditory (Inferior Colliculus)
• Output:
  
  • Audition (First-degree auditory cortex)

Question 8

MD

Answer 8

• Mediodorsal nucleus
  (Memory: Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome)
• Input:
  
  • Basal ganglia
  • Olfactory
  • Amygdala
• Output:
  
  • Emotion, Memory, Pain, Stress related to Amygdala input
  • Motor functions related to Basal ganglia

Question 9

Pulvinar

Answer 9

• Pulvinar
• Input:
  
  • Superior colliculus (Visual and Auditory)
• Output:
  
  • Orients and Tracks visual stimuli
  • 2nd Visual Cortex, Visual Association areas
  • Visual Attention

Question 10

Internal Medullary Lamina

Answer 10

• Internal Medullary Lamina
• Input:
  
  • Reticular formation
• Output:
  
  • Cingulate gyrus (Pain and Arousal)

Question 11

LD

Answer 11

• Lateral Dorsal
• Input:
  
  • Medial Parietal
  • Limbic Regions
• Output:
  
  • Medial Parietal
  • Post Cingulate Cortex of the Limbic System
  • Integrating sensory information w/ Autonomic functions
  • Works in Parallel to Anterior nuclear group

Question 12

Hypothalamic Nuclei of Hypothalamus

Answer 12

• Functions and Lesions

Question 13

Lateral Hypothalamix of Hypothalamus

Answer 13

• Feeding Center
• Lesion –> Starvation (severe Aphagia)

Question 14

Ventromedial of Hypothalamus

Answer 14

• Satiety Center
• Lesion –> Hyperphagia, Obesity, Savage Behavior

Question 15

Suprachiasmatic of Hypothalamus

Answer 15

• Regulates Circadian Rhythms
• Receives Direct Retinal Input

Question 16

Supraoptic and Paraventricular of Hypothalamus

Answer 16

• Synthesizes ADH and Oxytocin
• Regulates water balance
• Supraoptic Lesion –> Diabetes Insipidus, characterized by Polydipsia and Polyuria (Excessive water consumption and excessive urination)

Question 17

Mamillary Body of Hypothalamus

Answer 17

• Input from Hippocampus (Limbic System)
• Damaged in Wernicke Encephalopathy

Question 18

Arcuate of Hypothalamus

Answer 18

• Produces Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones and Inhibiting factors and gives rise to Tuberohypophysial Tract –> Second Capillary plexus in Ant. Pituitary Gland(Acidophils and Basophils)
• Has neurons that produce Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting factor)
  
  • Dopaminergic projectings from Arcuate nuclei inhibit Prolactin secretion from the Anterior Pituitary
  • Lesions –> result in Galactorrhea (Milk Discharge) and Amenorrhea (absence of menstration)

Question 19

Anterior Region of Hypothalamus

Answer 19

• Monitors Temperature and controls Temperature regulation
• Lesion –> Hyperthermia
• Stimulates the Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 20

Posterior Region of Hypothalamus

Answer 20

• Senses Decrease in Temp. and mediates the Conservation of Heat
• Temperature regulation
• Lesion –> Poikilothermia (Cold-blooded organism, Inability to Thermoregulate, varies w/ environement)
• Stimulates Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 21

Preoptic Area of Hypothalamus

Answer 21

• Sensitive to Androgens and Estrogens
• Regulates release of Gonotrophic hormones
• Contains Sexually Dimorphic nucleus
• Lesion Before Puberty –> Arrested Sexual Development
• Lesion After Puberty –> Amenorrhea or Impotence

Question 22

Dorsomedial of Hypothalamus

Answer 22

• Stimulation –> Savage Behavior

Question 23

Epithalamus

Answer 23

• Consists of Pineal Body and Habenular Nuclei
• The Pineal Body secretes Melatonin w/ Circadian rhythm
  
  • ​Pinealocytes synthesize Melatonin, Serotonin, and Cholecystokinin
  • Pineal gland - Growth, Development, and the Regulation of Circadian rhythms (through a Retinal-Suprachiasmatic-pineal pathway)
• Pineal tumors may cause CSF flow obstruction w/ increased Cranial pressure. Compression of the Upper Midbrain and Pretectal area by a pineal tumor results in Perinaud Syndrome in which there is Impairment of Conjugate Vertical Gaze and Pupillary reflex abnormalities.

Question 24

Subthalamus

Answer 24

• The Subthalamic nucleus is involved in Basal Ganglia circuitry
• Lesion –> Hemiballismus (contralateral flinging movements of one of both extremities)

Question 25

Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 25

• Lesions of the Mammillary bodies occur in Korsakoff syndrome and are usually A/w Thiamine Deficiency a/w Chronic Alcoholism
• Results in both Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia w/ Confabulations

Question 26

Papez Circuit

Answer 26

• Hippocampal formation (subiculum)
• Fornix
• Mammilary bodies
• Anterior Nucleus (AN) of Thalamus
• Cingulum
• Enterohinal cortex
• Hippocampal formation