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PHAR 123 > Neuro degenerative > Flashcards

Neuro degenerative Flashcards

1
Q

Neurodegenerative Diseases we discussed in class

A

◦ Alzheimer’s disease
◦ Parkinson’s disease
◦ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
◦ Pick’s disease

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2
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease

A

is a degenerative brain disorder that develops in mid-to-late adulthood. It results in a progressive and irreversible decline in memory and a deterioration of various other cognitive abilities

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3
Q

What is the main pathology of Alzheimer disease?

A

cortical parts of the frontal and temporal regions of the brain degenerate

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4
Q

What are the histological changes with Alzheimer’s?

A

– Most prominent in the cortex
– Neuritic (senile) plaques
– Neurofibrillary tangles
– Degeneration with vacuoles and granules predominant
– Deposition of amyloid in the neuritic plaques and the wall of the cerebral vessels

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5
Q

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors of alzheimers

A

◦ Family history
◦ Genetics: Apo E2 gene may confer risk in some but it is not absolute

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6
Q

What are neurofibrillary “tangle” of Alzheimer’s disease? and composed of what?

A

Composed of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments that are toxic to brain tissues

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7
Q

What are the two classes of drugs approved to treat alzheimers?

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist

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8
Q

What are the MOA of Cholinesterase drugs?

A

They block the breakdown of acetylcholine at the nerve synapse, making it more available for activating post-synaptic muscarinic receptors

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pick’s disease?

A

abnormal accumulation of tau protein in swollen neurons

It affects… everything

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10
Q

What is Lewy body disease?

A

Presence of Lewy bodies, clumps of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin protein in neurons.

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11
Q

Which parts of the brain do Lewy Bodies affect?

A

Cerebral Cortex
Limbic Cortex
Hippocampus
Midbrain and basal ganglia
Brain stem

(All parts of the brain)

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12
Q

Which population is of higher risk of Lewy body disease

A

Men

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13
Q

What is the first and second most common forms of dementia?

A

Alzheimers

Lewy Body dementia

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14
Q

What is parkinsons disease features?

A

Loss of neurons and pigmentation

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15
Q

Response to which pharmacological agent helps confirm diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Levodopa

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16
Q

What is Levodopa?

A

Pro drug that makes up for loss of dopamine and it reduces bradykinesia symptoms

17
Q

What four categories of drugs can we use for slowing the progression of parkinsons?

A

1) Blocking peripheral metabolism of levodopa:

2) Blocking breakdown of dopamine at the neuron:

3) Reducing reuptake of dopamine:

4) Direct dopamine agonists:

18
Q

What is aducanumab

A

Targets beta amyloid plaques and reduce the cognitive decline of alzheimers

19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pick’s disease?

A

Tau protein (Pick bodies) accumulation

20
Q

What type of drugs are people with LB disease sensitive to?

A

antipsychotic drugs

21
Q

What does aggregated AB do?

A

damage neurons and can increase oxidative stress inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction

22
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

Controls many functions including processing perception though and language

23
Q

What does the limbic cortex do?

A

Plays a mjaor role in emotions and behavior

24
Q

What does the hippocampus do/

A

Memories

25
Q

What does the midrbain and basal ganglia do?

A

Movement

26
Q

What does hte brain stem do?

A

Alertness

27
Q

What is cholinergic hypothesis with regards to dementia

A

The decrease in acetylcholine

28
Q

What is the amyloid hypothesis?

A

Accumulation of B-amyloid and disrupts communication of neurons

29
Q

What is the Tau hypothesis?

A

The dissociation of the neurotubule Tau proteins

30
Q

What are Cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

These stop the breakdown Ach

31
Q

What are the cholinesterase inhibitors? (3)
DRG

A

Donepezil
Rivastigmine (More inhibition)
Galantamine

32
Q

What are the NMDA receptor antagonists MOA?

A

Memantine blocks excessive Ca intake into the neurons and it slows it down

33
Q

What do AchEis do?

A

slow down the breakdown of acetyl choline

34
Q

What does carbidopa do?

A

decreases systemic metabolism for levodopa to reach the brain

35
Q

What is the MOA of lecanumab?

A

Targets amyloid beta in the brain

36
Q

What is a goal of parkinsons treatment?

A

Increase dopamine

37
Q

What is the direct dopamine agonists?

A

bromocriptine

38
Q

What is a inhibitor of dopamine?

A

amandatine

39
Q

What does selegiline do?

A

block breakdown of dopamine

PHAR 123 (11 decks)

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