Blood Flashcards
What is the main component of blood?
Plasma 55% (Water, proteins)
Cells 45% (RBC, White blood cells, granulocytes)
Where are the main sites of hematopoiesis in adults?
Hips, ribs, skull
Which clotting factors does warfarin affect?
IXa, VIIa, Xa, IIa
What clotting factors does apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban?
Xa
What clotting factors Enoxaparin heparin
Xa, IIa
What clotting factors does dabigatran affect?
IIa
What is the MOA of Warfarin?
Inhibits Vitamin-K dependant processes of producing Factors II, VII, IX, X
What is the MOA of direct-acting anticoagulants
apixiban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban are Factor Xa inhibitors
What is the MOA of Heparin
binds to and activates antithrombin, inactivating Factor Xa and IIa.
What is the MOA of Enoxaparin
reduced anti-factor IIa activity relative to anti-factor Xa activity, more favorable benefit-risk ratios
What is the MOA of Dabigatran
direct thrombin inhibitor
What is the MOA of the antiplatelet drug Glycoprotein platelet inhibitors
Blocks platelet clumping
What are the extrinsic pathways of coagulation?
Trauma from outside
What are the intrinsic pathways of coagulation activated from?
Vessel damage
What is the common factor that the intrinsic and extrinsic factor converge?
Factor X
What is the function of thrombin
Generates fibrin monomers which polymerize to give structural integrity to the clot
How is the clot resolved
Healing endothelium releases tPA which activates plasmin. Plasmin lyses the clot.
Anemia may be associated with the following (2)
Reduced number of red blood cells: Decreased hematopoiesis
Structural abnormalities of red blood cells: Abnormal hematopoiesis
What can decreased hematopoiesis lead to?
Iron Deficiency
B12 deficiency
Aplastic anemia
etc…
What is an example of abnormal hematopoiesis?
Sickle Cell anemia
Structural protein defects
Spherocytosis
What increases loss or destruction of red blood cells
Bleeding
Enlarged spleen+anemia
Malaria
How is Normocytic, normochromic anemia caused?
Dilutional anemia
How is Microcytic, hypochromic anemia caused?
Iron deficiency
How is Macrocytic, normochromic anemia caused?
Deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid
How is Anemias characterized by abnormal red blood shapes caused?
Elliptocytosis, spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia
What are the severe signs of Anemia? (4)
Fainting
Chest pain
Angina
Hear attack
What is indicative of decreased hematopoiesis?
Bone marrow failure
Deficiency of nutrients
Protein deficiencys
What is abnormal hematopoiesis caused by?
Usually a consequence of genetic abnormalities
What are Intracorpuscular defects?
Structural abnormalities
Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, or hereditary spherocytosis
What are Extracorpuscular defects
Antibodies, infectious agents, or mechanical factors:
What is the most common form of anemia?
Iron deficiency
What is the main differences between macrocytic anemias, normocytic anemias, and microcytic anemias?
Macro: Abnormal nuclear maturation, large RBC
Normo: decreased number of RBC, autoimmune in some cases, multiple causes
Micro: Abnormal hemoglobin generation. (Iron deficient possible)
What are WBC disorders typicall
too many neutrophils or lymphocytes, or too few.
What are the platelet aggregation inhibitors?
Aspirin
What are the thiendopyridines?
Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, Prasugrel
What is the common factor where the two pathways converge?
Factor X
What is the function of thrombin
Provide structural integrity to clots
What is plasmin?
Lyses clots, activated by tPA
Iron-deficiency anemia is characterized by erythrocytes which show
microcytosis and anisocytosis
What is the definition of Anemia?
Defined as an abnormally low hemoglobin concentration in the blood
What is neutropenic?
Decreased WBC which can increase the risk of infection
What is neutrophilia?
Increased WBC
What is folate used for?
important for the formation of RBC and WBC
What is the range for anemia in men/women
<13g/dl (men) and 11.5g/dl (women)
What are the intrinsic clotting factors?
What are the extrinsic clotting factors
What to CLP subdivide into?
B and T cells
What do CMP subdivide into?
Erythrocytes. and other immune cells
Which COX does aspirin inhibit?
COX-1
What is dipyridamole and cilostazol?
PDE3 inhibitors
What might cause anemia?
Low produciton
Destruciton
Bleeding
What is aplastic anemia and myelophthisic anemia?
Bone marrow failure specific anemia that is directly related to decreased hematopopoiesis
