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PHAR 123 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main component of blood?

A

Plasma 55% (Water, proteins)
Cells 45% (RBC, White blood cells, granulocytes)

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2
Q

Where are the main sites of hematopoiesis in adults?

A

Hips, ribs, skull

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3
Q

Which clotting factors does warfarin affect?

A

IXa, VIIa, Xa, IIa

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4
Q

What clotting factors does apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban?

A

Xa

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5
Q

What clotting factors Enoxaparin heparin

A

Xa, IIa

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6
Q

What clotting factors does dabigatran affect?

A

IIa

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7
Q

What is the MOA of Warfarin?

A

Inhibits Vitamin-K dependant processes of producing Factors II, VII, IX, X

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8
Q

What is the MOA of direct-acting anticoagulants

A

apixiban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban are Factor Xa inhibitors

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9
Q

What is the MOA of Heparin

A

binds to and activates antithrombin, inactivating Factor Xa and IIa.

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10
Q

What is the MOA of Enoxaparin

A

reduced anti-factor IIa activity relative to anti-factor Xa activity, more favorable benefit-risk ratios

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11
Q

What is the MOA of Dabigatran

A

direct thrombin inhibitor

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12
Q

What is the MOA of the antiplatelet drug Glycoprotein platelet inhibitors

A

Blocks platelet clumping

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13
Q

What are the extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

A

Trauma from outside

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14
Q

What are the intrinsic pathways of coagulation activated from?

A

Vessel damage

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15
Q

What is the common factor that the intrinsic and extrinsic factor converge?

A

Factor X

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16
Q

What is the function of thrombin

A

Generates fibrin monomers which polymerize to give structural integrity to the clot

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17
Q

How is the clot resolved

A

Healing endothelium releases tPA which activates plasmin. Plasmin lyses the clot.

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18
Q

Anemia may be associated with the following (2)

A

Reduced number of red blood cells: Decreased hematopoiesis

Structural abnormalities of red blood cells: Abnormal hematopoiesis

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19
Q

What can decreased hematopoiesis lead to?

A

Iron Deficiency
B12 deficiency
Aplastic anemia
etc…

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20
Q

What is an example of abnormal hematopoiesis?

A

Sickle Cell anemia
Structural protein defects
Spherocytosis

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21
Q

What increases loss or destruction of red blood cells

A

Bleeding
Enlarged spleen+anemia
Malaria

22
Q

How is Normocytic, normochromic anemia caused?

A

Dilutional anemia

23
Q

How is Microcytic, hypochromic anemia caused?

A

Iron deficiency

24
Q

How is Macrocytic, normochromic anemia caused?

A

Deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid

25
Q

How is Anemias characterized by abnormal red blood shapes caused?

A

Elliptocytosis, spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia

26
Q

What are the severe signs of Anemia? (4)

A

Fainting
Chest pain
Angina
Hear attack

27
Q

What is indicative of decreased hematopoiesis?

A

Bone marrow failure
Deficiency of nutrients
Protein deficiencys

28
Q

What is abnormal hematopoiesis caused by?

A

Usually a consequence of genetic abnormalities

29
Q

What are Intracorpuscular defects?

A

Structural abnormalities
Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, or hereditary spherocytosis

30
Q

What are Extracorpuscular defects

A

Antibodies, infectious agents, or mechanical factors:

31
Q

What is the most common form of anemia?

A

Iron deficiency

32
Q

What is the main differences between macrocytic anemias, normocytic anemias, and microcytic anemias?

A

Macro: Abnormal nuclear maturation, large RBC

Normo: decreased number of RBC, autoimmune in some cases, multiple causes

Micro: Abnormal hemoglobin generation. (Iron deficient possible)

33
Q

What are WBC disorders typicall

A

too many neutrophils or lymphocytes, or too few.

34
Q

What are the platelet aggregation inhibitors?

A

Aspirin

35
Q

What are the thiendopyridines?

A

Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, Prasugrel

36
Q

What is the common factor where the two pathways converge?

A

Factor X

37
Q

What is the function of thrombin

A

Provide structural integrity to clots

38
Q

What is plasmin?

A

Lyses clots, activated by tPA

39
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia is characterized by erythrocytes which show

A

microcytosis and anisocytosis

40
Q

What is the definition of Anemia?

A

Defined as an abnormally low hemoglobin concentration in the blood

41
Q

What is neutropenic?

A

Decreased WBC which can increase the risk of infection

42
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Increased WBC

43
Q

What is folate used for?

A

important for the formation of RBC and WBC

44
Q

What is the range for anemia in men/women

A

<13g/dl (men) and 11.5g/dl (women)

45
Q

What are the intrinsic clotting factors?

A
46
Q

What are the extrinsic clotting factors

A
47
Q

What to CLP subdivide into?

A

B and T cells

48
Q

What do CMP subdivide into?

A

Erythrocytes. and other immune cells

49
Q

Which COX does aspirin inhibit?

A

COX-1

50
Q

What is dipyridamole and cilostazol?

A

PDE3 inhibitors

51
Q

What might cause anemia?

A

Low produciton
Destruciton
Bleeding

52
Q

What is aplastic anemia and myelophthisic anemia?

A

Bone marrow failure specific anemia that is directly related to decreased hematopopoiesis

PHAR 123 (11 decks)

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