Blood

Question 1

What is the main component of blood?

Answer 1

Plasma 55% (Water, proteins)
Cells 45% (RBC, White blood cells, granulocytes)

Question 2

Where are the main sites of hematopoiesis in adults?

Answer 2

Hips, ribs, skull

Question 3

Which clotting factors does warfarin affect?

Answer 3

IXa, VIIa, Xa, IIa

Question 4

What clotting factors does apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban?

Answer 4

Xa

Question 5

What clotting factors Enoxaparin heparin

Answer 5

Xa, IIa

Question 6

What clotting factors does dabigatran affect?

Answer 6

IIa

Question 7

What is the MOA of Warfarin?

Answer 7

Inhibits Vitamin-K dependant processes of producing Factors II, VII, IX, X

Question 8

What is the MOA of direct-acting anticoagulants

Answer 8

apixiban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban are Factor Xa inhibitors

Question 9

What is the MOA of Heparin

Answer 9

binds to and activates antithrombin, inactivating Factor Xa and IIa.

Question 10

What is the MOA of Enoxaparin

Answer 10

reduced anti-factor IIa activity relative to anti-factor Xa activity, more favorable benefit-risk ratios

Question 11

What is the MOA of Dabigatran

Answer 11

direct thrombin inhibitor

Question 12

What is the MOA of the antiplatelet drug Glycoprotein platelet inhibitors

Answer 12

Blocks platelet clumping

Question 13

What are the extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

Answer 13

Trauma from outside

Question 14

What are the intrinsic pathways of coagulation activated from?

Answer 14

Vessel damage

Question 15

What is the common factor that the intrinsic and extrinsic factor converge?

Answer 15

Factor X

Question 16

What is the function of thrombin

Answer 16

Generates fibrin monomers which polymerize to give structural integrity to the clot

Question 17

How is the clot resolved

Answer 17

Healing endothelium releases tPA which activates plasmin. Plasmin lyses the clot.

Question 18

Anemia may be associated with the following (2)

Answer 18

Reduced number of red blood cells: Decreased hematopoiesis

Structural abnormalities of red blood cells: Abnormal hematopoiesis

Question 19

What can decreased hematopoiesis lead to?

Answer 19

Iron Deficiency
B12 deficiency
Aplastic anemia
etc…

Question 20

What is an example of abnormal hematopoiesis?

Answer 20

Sickle Cell anemia
Structural protein defects
Spherocytosis

Question 21

What increases loss or destruction of red blood cells

Answer 21

Bleeding
Enlarged spleen+anemia
Malaria

Question 22

How is Normocytic, normochromic anemia caused?

Answer 22

Dilutional anemia

Question 23

How is Microcytic, hypochromic anemia caused?

Answer 23

Iron deficiency

Question 24

How is Macrocytic, normochromic anemia caused?

Answer 24

Deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid

Question 25

How is Anemias characterized by abnormal red blood shapes caused?

Answer 25

Elliptocytosis, spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia

Question 26

What are the severe signs of Anemia? (4)

Answer 26

Fainting Chest pain Angina Hear attack

Question 27

What is indicative of decreased hematopoiesis?

Answer 27

Bone marrow failure Deficiency of nutrients Protein deficiencys

Question 28

What is abnormal hematopoiesis caused by?

Answer 28

Usually a consequence of genetic abnormalities

Question 29

What are Intracorpuscular defects?

Answer 29

Structural abnormalities Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, or hereditary spherocytosis

Question 30

What are Extracorpuscular defects

Answer 30

Antibodies, infectious agents, or mechanical factors:

Question 31

What is the most common form of anemia?

Answer 31

Iron deficiency

Question 32

What is the main differences between macrocytic anemias, normocytic anemias, and microcytic anemias?

Answer 32

Macro: Abnormal nuclear maturation, large RBC Normo: decreased number of RBC, autoimmune in some cases, multiple causes Micro: Abnormal hemoglobin generation. (Iron deficient possible)

Question 33

What are WBC disorders typicall

Answer 33

too many neutrophils or lymphocytes, or too few.

Question 34

What are the platelet aggregation inhibitors?

Answer 34

Aspirin

Question 35

What are the thiendopyridines?

Answer 35

Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, Prasugrel

Question 36

What is the common factor where the two pathways converge?

Answer 36

Factor X

Question 37

What is the function of thrombin

Answer 37

Provide structural integrity to clots

Question 38

What is plasmin?

Answer 38

Lyses clots, activated by tPA

Question 39

Iron-deficiency anemia is characterized by erythrocytes which show

Answer 39

microcytosis and anisocytosis

Question 40

What is the definition of Anemia?

Answer 40

Defined as an abnormally low hemoglobin concentration in the blood

Question 41

What is neutropenic?

Answer 41

Decreased WBC which can increase the risk of infection

Question 42

What is neutrophilia?

Answer 42

Increased WBC

Question 43

What is folate used for?

Answer 43

important for the formation of RBC and WBC

Question 44

What is the range for anemia in men/women

Answer 44

<13g/dl (men) and 11.5g/dl (women)

Question 45

What are the intrinsic clotting factors?

Answer 45

Question 46

What are the extrinsic clotting factors

Answer 46

Question 47

What to CLP subdivide into?

Answer 47

B and T cells

Question 48

What do CMP subdivide into?

Answer 48

Erythrocytes. and other immune cells

Question 49

Which COX does aspirin inhibit?

Answer 49

COX-1

Question 50

What is dipyridamole and cilostazol?

Answer 50

PDE3 inhibitors

Question 51

What might cause anemia?

Answer 51

Low produciton Destruciton Bleeding

Question 52

What is aplastic anemia and myelophthisic anemia?

Answer 52

Bone marrow failure specific anemia that is directly related to decreased hematopopoiesis