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PHAR 123 > Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Esophagitis?

A

Inflammation of the Esophagus

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2
Q

Who is most likely to experience infection such as Candidiasis?

A

HIV/AIDS, Immunosuppressed, Immunodeficient

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3
Q

The most common cause of irritation and inflammation in the esophagus?

A

Gastro esophageal reflux disease

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4
Q

What type of medications can irritate the esophagus due to not remaining in an upright position after administration?

A

Bisphosphonates

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5
Q

What are the three treatments of GERD?

A

H2 receptor Antagonists
PPI
Antacids (Rebound)

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6
Q

What does H2 receptor antagonists do? and target cells

A

Reducing H+/K+ ATPase activity in the Gastric Parietal cells

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7
Q

What is the MOA of PPI?

A

Bind to H+/K+ ATPase of gastric parietal cells and preventing acid secretion

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8
Q

What are some examples of H2 receptor blockers? (4)
RFCN

A

ranitidine, famotidine, cimetidine, nizatidine

-Tidine

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9
Q

What are some examples of PPIs? (5)

A

pantoprazole, omeprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole

Prazoles

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10
Q

What is the function of the parietal cells?

A

Secrete acid into the stomach

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11
Q

What is the function of the ECL cells?

A

Enterochromaffin-Like cells secrete histamine and peptide hormones

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12
Q

What is the function of muscarinic receptors?

A

Bind Ach from nerve cells and are located on parietal cells and ECL cells

Stimulate secretion generally

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13
Q

What is the function of Histamine H2?

A

Stimulate Parietal cells to secrete acid

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14
Q

Which site do PPI act on?

A

Site of acid production blocking the effect of stimulation by both histamine and muscarinic receptors

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15
Q

Why is long term use of PPI contraindicated?

A

Can cause long lasting impacts on the body

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16
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Infection or inflammation of the stomach

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17
Q

What medications can cause gastritis or worsen it?

A

NSAIDS

by blocking prostaglandin synthesis, they reduce production of protective mucous in the stomach

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18
Q

What are some autoimmune causes of gastritis?

A

+pernicious anemia with B 12 deficiency

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19
Q

What organism typically causes Chronic Gastritis?

A

H. pylori

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20
Q

How do we treat H. pylori?

A

Triply antibiotic therapy with the addition of a PPI+

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21
Q

What medications should be avoided after eating an acidic or spicy food?

A

H2 Blockers, antacids

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22
Q

What are the three treatments we could use to treat gastric ulcers?

A

One/Two antibiotics
Addition of Bismuth
H2 Antagonist or PPI

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23
Q

What is the typical timeframe for Gastric Ulcer treatment?

A

2-3 weeks

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24
Q

What causes the highest incidence of pancreatitis?

A

Alcohol and Gallstones

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25
What are some of the critera for acute pancreatitis?
Goes away within a few days Gallstones/Alcohol use Mild Short hospital stay
26
What are some of the criteria for chronic pancreatitis?
Many years to develop Frequent flare ups or persistent symptoms Calcifications of the pancreas Good outlook if they follow a treatment regimen
27
What do NSAIDS do?
Blocking prostaglandin synthesis hence reducing the production of protective mucous in stomach
28
What are the three parts of the pancreas?
Tail, Body, Head
29
What part of the pancreas secretes into the Duodenum?
Head
30
What are some symptoms of acute pancreatitis?
Severe epigastric pain that radiates to the upper back, nausea & vomiting
31
What is the main symptoms of chronic pancreatitis?
poor digestion, pain upon eating, greasy/smelly stools, malnutrition.
32
Bacterial infections are usually associated with
Travel and food-borne illness
33
When should Diarrhea be referred? (6)
Bloody diarrhea >7 days duration Travel-associated Immunocompromised Fever, severely ill, debilitated  Complex patient Very young or very old
34
What is Atresia?
Birth defect Part of the esophagus and throat are not connected properly
35
What is a Volvulus of the intestine?
Twisting of the intestine
36
What is a neoplasm of the intestine?
New abnormal growth
37
What is intussusception?
It is where we have telescoping of the intestine.
38
What is the most common tumour in the intestine?
Epithelial Tumors
39
What are some of the symptoms of IBD
Abdominal pain. mouth/stomach ulcers, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, fever, weight loss
40
What are some long term complications of IIBD?
Malnutrition, anemia, fistula, eye soreness, osteoperosis
41
What is Focal ulceration?
An ulcerative development that leads to the narrowing of the intestines
42
What are skip areas of Crohns disease?
These are areas of normal flesh with focal ulceration lesions
43
What are the three types of ulcerative colitis?
Proctitis: Rectum Left sided colitis (Left side of L-intestine) Pancolitis: All L- Intestine
44
What are the risk factors of Ulcerative colitis?
Genetics Environmental (Infection, smoking, AB, NSAIDS) Dysregulated Immune response in GI tract
45
What is the progression of ulcerative colitis?
Starts at rectum and starts to extend further up the colon and into the L-intestine
46
What are most of the symptoms of ulcerative colitis?
Frequent washroom usage Small stools Fatique Low energy Rarely fever (Due to active immune response)
47
What are symptoms felt outside of the normal GI tract? for ulcerative cholitis
Joint pain Liver inflammation Osteoperosis Skin problems Mouth/eye problems Anemia
48
What is the peak age of Crohn's disease?
15-25
49
What is the main difference between crohns and ulcerative colitis?
Crohns= segmental Ulcerative = Diffuse, colon only
50
Which disease (Ulcerative or Crohn's) has high rates of transmural effects? (Inflammation of intestinal wall)
Crohn's disease
51
Which disease (Ulcerative or Crohn's) has high rates of granuloma?
Crohn's
52
Which disease (Ulcerative or Crohn's) has high rates of Fistula probability?
Crohn's
53
Which disease (Ulcerative or Crohn's) has high rates of megacolon?
Ulcerative colitis
54
What is mega colon?
Distension of the colon
55
Which disease (Ulcerative or Crohn's) has a higher incidence of cancer?
Both, more in ulcerative colitis
56
What are the 5 classes of medications used to treat IBD? ACIAB
Aminosalicylates, Corticosteroids, Immunomodulators, Antibiotics, Biologics
57
What are some common classes of biologics used to treat IBD?
Anti-TNFa monoclonal AB Leukocyte trafficking inhibitors T-Cell depletion
58
What are some TNFa blockers?
Infliximab Adalimumab Golimumab Certolizumab
59
What are some leukocyte trafficking drugs?
Natalizumab Vedolizumab Etrolizumab
60
What are some T-Cell Depletion drugs?
Ustekinumab
61
How does therapeutic monitoring work for MAB treatment?
Measuring the level of the biologic in the blood and sometimes measuring antibodies against the biologic that the patient may be making in relation to the biologic.
62
What does Fecal calprotection measure?
High levels mean high levels of intestinal inflammation and low levels mean biologics are working
63
What is GERD as risk factor for?
Barrets esophagus leading to esophageal cancer
64
What is the MOA of H2 antagonists?
Bind to the H2 receptors in the gastric parietal cells reducing the H+/K+ ATPase activity
65
What is an autoimmune cause of gastritis?
Pernicious with B12 deficiency
66
What medications should be avoided with people who have gastritis?
NSAIDS and certain antibiotics
67
What is the 4 part treatments for gastric ulcers?
One or Two antibiotics Bismuth (element) H2 antagonist or PPI Long term treatment
68
What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
Produce acid neutralizing bicarbonate and digestive enzymes to break down fats carbs and proteins
69
What is acute pancreatitis?
Caused by Acinar cell injury that leads to duct obstruction, leading to enzyme releases in the pancreas causing autodigestion of pacnreas
70
What are the symptoms of acute pancreatitis?
Severe epigastric pain that radiates to the upper back. NV
71
What becomes elevated in pancreatitis?
Serum amylase and lipase
72
What increases GI secretions and motility?
Gastric filling
73
What are the functions of the blue mesenteric veins?
drainage which is incorporate into the portal vein system heading to the liver. Carry nutrient-rich blood from intestine to the liver
74
What are the treatments of diarrhea? Drug
Loperamide
75
Which bacteria forms due to reheating rice?
Bacillus cereus
76
What are the two main causes of Chronic inflammation?
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
77
What is the common distribution of inflammation in Crohns?
Skip areas
78
What are aminosalicylates?
Anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat ulcerative cholitis Mesalamine
79
What is the most common side effect of TNFa therapy?
Tolerance development
80
What do Natalizumab, Vedolizumab, etrolizumab, and do?
They inhibit leukocyte trafficking

PHAR 123 (11 decks)

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