Neuro - Congenital

Question 1

environmental causes (teratogens) of congenital malformations

Answer 1

physical agents
nutritional factors
toxins
viruses

Question 2

at what day of gestation do sheep need to be infected with Veratrum californicum (skunk cabbage) to have synophthalmia (cyclopean deformity) and holoprosencephaly

Answer 2

day 14

Question 3

feline panleukopenia effect

Answer 3

cerebellar hypoplasia

Question 4

BVDV effect

Answer 4

cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly, porencephaly

Question 5

what are the most common neural tube defects

Answer 5

cranium bifidum
spina bifida

Question 6

what is cranium bifidum often associated with

Answer 6

meningocele or meningoencephalocele

Question 7

what are lesions seen with encephaloclastic defects and what causes these

Answer 7

porencephaly
hydranencephaly

in utero viral infections = BVDV, borders disease, bluetongue, classical swine fever

Question 8

pathogenesis of encephaloclastic defects

Answer 8

fluid filled cavities in brain resulting from destruction of immature neuroblasts, usually occurs in utero

Question 9

what is porencephaly

Answer 9

small cavity in cerebral hemisphere
borders disease virus

Question 10

what is hydranencephaly

Answer 10

more severe destructive event resulting in massive cerebrocortical necrosis

Question 11

pathogenesis of hydrocephalus

Answer 11

excess accumulation of CSF = expansion of ventricular system +/- subarachnoid space

Question 12

what type of hydrocephalus is the most common and where

Answer 12

non-communicating
mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 13

what is hydrocephalus ex vaco

Answer 13

loss of brain tissue (hydranencephaly) = dilation of ventricular system

Question 14

what is the cause of congenital hydrocephalus

Answer 14

malformation of mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 15

what is the cause of acquired hydrocephalus

Answer 15

obstruction of CSF outflow due to inflam, neoplasia or other compressive lesions

Question 16

what do you see on microscopy of cerebellar hypoplasia

Answer 16

decreased numbers of Purkinje cells and granular layer cels

Question 17

what viruses cause cerebellar hypoplasia

Answer 17

feline panleukopenia
canine parvovirus
BVDV, classical swine fever, border disease virus

Question 18

what day of gestation does BVDV cause cerebellar hypoplasia

Answer 18

day 100-150

Question 19

what is the cause of cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA)? is this a congenital disease? what species?

Answer 19

arabian horses
not a birth defect, need clinical hx
due to lack of nutritive substance

Question 20

what is the chiari like malformation

Answer 20

cavalier king charles spaniels
mismatch between caudal fossa volume and brain parenchyma mass resulting in herniation of vermis and brainstem

Question 21

what is the only storage disease to cause gross lesions? what do these gross lesions look like?

Answer 21

ceroid lipofuscinosis

atrophied regions with brown tinge, most severe at cerebral cortex, retina, and cerebellar purkinje cells

Question 22

what is the acquired storage disease and associated primary microscopic lesion

Answer 22

swainsonine toxicity (locoweeds - indolizidine alkaloid)

identical to genetic alpha-mannosidosis