Neuro - circulatory disturbances & traumatic injury of nervous system

Question 1

which infarct is characterized by a Vascular (artery/arterioles) obstruction and is a well circumscribed area of malacia

Answer 1

ischemic infact

Question 2

which infarct is characterized by a Vascular damage/rupture leading to leakage of RBCs, venous thrombosis and is a regional area of parenchymal hemorrhage

Answer 2

hemorrhagic infarct

Question 3

most common type of edema seen with trauma

Answer 3

vasogenic edema

Question 4

pathogenesis of vasogenic edema

Answer 4

Increased vascular permeability → extracellular fluid accumulation

Question 5

pathogenesis of cytotoxic edema

Answer 5

Altered cellular metabolism → intracellular fluid accumulation
Low O2 → interference with ATP-dependent Na/K Pump in cell membranes

Question 6

pathogenesis of interstitial edema (hydrostatic)

Answer 6

Accumulation of fluid in the periventricular white matter associated with increased ventricular pressure (hydrocephalus or hydromyelia)

Question 7

Describe the 4 different locations that the brain can herniate through/under

Answer 7

1. foramen magnum (foraminal herniation)
2. tentorium cerebelli (transtentorial herniation)
3. falx cerebri (falcine herniation)
4. defect in a skull like fracture (calvarial herniation)

Question 8

State potential causes of hemorrhage in the CNS and know the most common location of hemorrhage following brain trauma

Answer 8

trauma, DIC, damage to vessels/vasculitis

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 9

hansen type I IVDD
breed?
causes?

Answer 9

disc extrusion
extrusion of nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrosus into canal

younger, chondrodystrophic breeds

acute sudden impact -hypoxia or direct mechanical injury

Question 10

hansen type II IVDD
breed?
cause?

Answer 10

disc protrusion
fibrous degeneration of annulus

older, non-chondrodystrophic breeds

chronic spinal cord compression - low grade hypoxia

Question 11

what are the two major mechanisms of spinal cord injury

Answer 11

contusion
compression

Question 12

what is an example of acute spinal compression

Answer 12

direct mechanical injury to spinal cord or hypoxia
e.g. hansen type I IVDD

Question 13

what is an example of chronic spinal compression

Answer 13

low grade hypoxia
e.g. hansen type II IVDD
e.g. cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (wobblers)

Question 14

what type of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy is seen in young and adult dogs

Answer 14

osseous in young - vertebral malformations associated with degeneration of facet joints (OCD)

disc-associated in adults - congenital vertebral canal stenosis

Question 15

what can severe acute or chronic spinal compression result in

Answer 15

ascending/descending hemorrhagic myelomalacia

Question 16

what microscopic lesions do you find with spinal cord trauma

Answer 16

1. axonal/myelin degeneration at site of compression
2. degeneration of axon/myelin sheath distal to site of injury (Wallerian degeneration)

Question 17

sequelae of edema in brain

Answer 17

posterior shifting (herniation)