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Medicine > Neuro case > Flashcards

Neuro case Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem functions: medulla (3)

A
  • Cardio/Respiratory control
  • Nuclei for taste, hearing and balance
  • Control of neck and facial muscles
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2
Q

Brainstem functions: Pons (5)

A
  • Sleep
  • Bladder control
  • swallowing
  • Eye/facial movements
  • major input to cerebellum
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3
Q

Brainstem functions: Midbrain (2)

A
  • Components of auditory/visual systems and reflexes

- Substantia nigra: part of basal ganglia

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4
Q

Pineal body functions: (3)

A
  • Regulation of diurnal rhythms
  • synthesise melatonin
  • Pineal tumours can compress midbrain/block cerebral aqueduct
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5
Q

Cerebellum functions: (4)

A
  • Maintaining postures
  • Coordianting head and eye movements
  • Fine-tuning movements
  • Motor learning
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6
Q

Diencephalon components: (2)

A
  • Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Diencephalon components: (2)

A
  • Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Thalamus roles: (3)

A
  • Transfer of all sensory information (bar olfaction) to cortex
  • Involved in integration of motor control
  • influences attention and consciousness
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9
Q

Hypothalamus roles: (2)

A
  • Regulates homeostasis and reproduction

- Extensive connections to rest of CNS and pituitary gland

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10
Q

Amygdala function:

A
  • Social behaviour/emotions
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11
Q

Hippocampus function:

A
  • Memory
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12
Q

Basal nuclei function:

A
  • Control of movements
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13
Q

Basal nuclei (5)

  • C
  • P
  • G P
  • S N
  • Sub
A
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Subthalamus
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14
Q

Basal nuclei (5)

  • C
  • P
  • G
  • S N
  • S
A
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Subthalamus
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15
Q

White matter structure/function:

A
  • Axons

- Carrying information to and from cortex, between structures

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16
Q

Sensory cortexes (6)

  • V
  • S
  • G
  • V
  • O
  • A
A
  • Vestibular cortex
  • Somatosensory cortex
  • Gustatory cortex
  • Visual cortex
  • Olfactory cortex
  • Auditory cortex
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17
Q

Sensory cortexes: vestibular cortex

A
  • Vestibular cortex: balance
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18
Q

Motor cortexes: (3)

A
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Supplementary motor cortex
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19
Q

Main brain blood supplies: (2)

A
  • Internal carotid arteries

- Vertebral arteries

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20
Q

Distribution of cerebral arteries: Anterior

A
  • Anterior: motor and sensory cortex
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21
Q

Distribution of cerebral arteries: Middle

A

Middle: motor and sensory cortex of upper limb and face, also auditory cortex

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22
Q

Distribution of cerebral arteries: Posterior

A
  • Posterior: whole of visual cortex
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23
Q

Sensory cortexes: gustatory cortex

A
  • Gustatory cortex: taste
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24
Q

Watershed infarcts:

A
  • Low perfusion pressure causes insufficient supply to to terminal branches of major arteries. Areas of arteries that lose blood first
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25
Prosencephalon: (2 cephalons)
- Telencephalon | - Diencephalon
26
Telencephalon:
- Cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
27
Diencephalon:
- Thalamus and hypothalamus
28
Mesencephalon:
- Midbrain
29
Rhombencephalon: (2 cephalons)
- Metencephalon | - Myelencephalon
30
Metencephalon:
- Pons and cerebellum
31
Myelencephalon:
- Medulla
32
Development of the nervous system: (5) - Time frame - Develops from ..... - A ......... ........ develops - Neural cells proliferate, forming a ......... - This forms
- Forms in the 3rd week of development - Develops from ectodermal layer - A neural groove develops in the midline - Neural cells proliferate and form a neural tube - Neural tube forms the adult spinal cord, cephalic end swells and flexes to form the brain
33
Neural tube defects: - Definition - Anencephaly - Spina bifida
- If the neuropores do not close at the right time then defects occur - Anencephaly: anterior neuropore - Spina Bifida: posterior neuropore
34
Meninges of the brain: (3)
- Dura mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia mater
35
Falx cerebri:
- A vertical fold lying in the midline between the two hemispheres
36
Tentorium cerebelli:
- A fold lying above the cerebellum and below the cerebrum
37
Tentorium cerebelli:
- A fold lying above the cerebellum and below the cerebrum
38
Subdural space:
- Separates the dura and arachnoid mater | - Filled by film of fluid
39
Subarachnoid space:
- Separates arachnoid and pia mater | - Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
40
Arachnoid mater: (4) - Description - Bridges - Villi - Granulations
- Middle layer of meninges - Arachnoid bridges over sulci - Arachnoid villi: Arachnoid projects in certain areas - Arachnoid granulations: collections of arachnoid villi
41
Pia mater: - description - relevance to cerebral arteries
- Thinnest, inner layer. Closely follows brain surface, extending down into sulci - Cerebral arteries entering the brain have a covering of Pia mater
42
Headache (meninges):
- Brain has no pain receptors | - Stretching/irritation of the meninges causes headache
43
CSF role: (4)
- Removes waste products - Transports signalling molecules - Renders the brain buoyant - Supports, cushions and distributes pressure on brain
44
Motor control: Descending motor control - System type? - Pathway - Description
- Voluntary - Brain to muscle - complex, coordinated
45
Motor control: reflex coordination - System type? - Pathway - Description
- Involuntary - Spinal cord/brainstem to muscle and back - Simple, protective, reactionary
46
Reflexes: involuntary movements
- The involuntary coupling of sensory input to motor output in response to peripheral stimulation
47
Reflexes: peripheral neurons - Direction - Innervates?
- FROM peripheral receptors TO spinal cord/brainstem | - alpha neurons, gamma neurons and interneurons in the brainstem and spinal cord
48
Reflexes: Lower Motor Neurons - Direction - Effect?
- FROM brainstem/spinal cord TO the effector | - Stimulates or inhibits muscle contraction via NMJ
49
Spinal reflexes: - Description - Role
- Sensory receptors synapse onto alpha-motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, innervating an effector - Avoid damage
50
Myotatic (muscle stretch) reflex: - role - tested by
- Prevents overstretching of muscle | - Tapping tendon, this stretches attached muscle, the muscle subsequently contracts, restoring length
51
Proprioceptors:
- Muscle spindles that detect stretch. Imbedded sensory neurons detect rate of change and muscle length
52
Proprioceptors:
- Muscle spindles that detect stretch. Imbedded sensory neurons detect rate of change and muscle length
53
Motor units:
- alpha motor neurone + all innervated muscle fibres
54
Alpha motor neurons: - structure - role
- Large multipolar neurons | - terminates at NMJ and innervates skeletal muscle
55
Gamma (y) motor neurones: - Size - Innervates - Role (2)
- Smaller neurones - Innervate specialised striated muscle (intrafusal) - Adjust sensitivity of muscle spindles and increase range of function
56
Gamma (y) motor neurones: - Size - Innervates - Role (2)
- Smaller neurones - Innervate specialised striated muscle (intrafusal) - Adjust sensitivity of muscle spindles and increase range of function
57
Golgi tendon organs:
- Proprioceptors - 1b afferent sensory neurones - monitor and maintain muscle tension
58
Golgi tendon reflex: - prevents: - Controls
- overstretching of tendons | - muscle tension
59
Golgi tendon reflex pathway: (3)
- Muscle contraction stretches tendon - Sensory neurones (1b afferent) activate interneurons - inhibits the a-neurons innervating muscles of origin
60
Alpha motor neurone inputs: (3)
- Sensory input from muscles - Descending input from UMN) causing voluntary movement - Interneurons form neuronal circuits
61
Reflexes: divergence
- Amplifies sensory input, coordinating muscle contractions = movement
62
Reflexes: convergence:
- On interneurons, increases response flexibility
63
Reflexes: inhibition
- reciprocal inhibition: interneurons and Crenshaw cells
64
Reflexes: potentiation
- (mild) Stretching of the muscle
65
Brainstem reflexes: reflexes of the head/face - Involves - Examples
- Cranial nerves | - Jaw, eye, throat and postural reflexes
66
Myotatic reflex role:
- Controls muscle length
67
Golgi tendon reflex role:
- controls muscle tension and tendon length
68
Flexor withdrawal reflex role:
- Removal from damaging stimuli
69
Jaw unloading reflex role:
- Protection of teeth
70
Light reflex roles:
- Protecting eyes (light, focus, foreign objects
71
Somatosensory pathways: ascending tracts - Roles - Centres (2)
- Carry information from pain, thermal, tactile, muscle and joint receptors to the cerebral: - Cerebral cortex (conscious centre) - Cerebellum/brainstem (unconscious centres)
72
Peripheral receptor endings: unencapsulated/free nerve endings - Detects - Found in:
- Pain, temperature, pressure | - Hair follicles, merkels disks, nociceptors
73
Peripheral receptor endings: Modified/encapsulated endings - Detects - Found in:
- Pressure, touch, vibration, stretch, pain, proprioception | - Pacinian corpuscles, Meiseners corpuscles
74
Peripheral receptor endings: Proprioceptors - Detects - Found in:
- Stretch, pressure, pain | - Muscle spindles, gold tendon organs
75
Spinal tracts: ascending pathways (3)
``` - Dorsal column: . Gracile fasiculus . Cuneate fasiculus - Spinocerebellar (dorsal/ventral) - Spinothalamic/anterolateral tract ```
76
Spinal tracts: ascending pathways (3)
``` - Dorsal column: . Gracile fasiculus . Cuneate fasiculus - Spinocerebellar (dorsal/ventral) - Spinothalamic/anterolateral tract ```
77
Dorsal column: - parts (2) - Role
- Gracile fasiculus: lower body info, T6 | - Carry information regarding touch
78
Spinothalamic/anterolateral tract role:
- Pain/temperature information
79
Spinocerebellar tract role:
- proprioception: muscle/joint information
80
Dorsal column: primary afferent neurones - Pre-spinal cord info (3) - Ascending tract info (2)
- Detects mechanical sensation from receptor - Enters spinal cord through dorsal root (cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion) - Main fibre remains ipsilateral (same side of cord) - Synapses on second order neurones in medulla
81
Dorsal column: primary afferent neurones - Pre-spinal cord info (3) - Ascending tract info (2)
- Detects mechanical sensation from receptor - Enters spinal cord through dorsal root (cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion) - Main fibre remains ipsilateral (same side of cord) - Synapses on second order neurones in medulla
82
Dorsal column: second-order neurons (2) - Origin - Sensory decussate/medial lemniscus
- Originate in the medulla | - They decussate (cross over) and travel up the brainstem as the medial lemniscus
83
Dorsal column: thalamus - Role of second order neurons - Role - amount of Nuclei
- Receives info from second order neurons - Integrates, modulates and relays info to the sensory-motor cortex via internal capsule - Multiple nuclei
84
Thalamic nuclei: - Ventral posterior lateral (VPL): - Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM):
- VPL: somatic afferents from the body synapse | - VPM: somatic afferents from the head synapse
85
Ascending tracts, Dorsal column: First neuron - Entry - Cell body location - Roles (2)
- Enters spinal cord through dorsal root - Cell bodies are in DRG - Mediates spinal reflexes or ascends to medulla
86
Ascending tracts, dorsal column: second neuron - Cell body location - Position - Role
- Cell body in medulla oblongata - Axons decussate - Ascends to thalamus, terminating upon third neuron
87
Ascending tracts, dorsal column: third neuron - Cell body location - Role
- Cell body in thalamus | - Ascends to somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe of central hemisphere)
88
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic tract: | transduction mechanisms: Polymodal nociceptors
- Polymodal nociceptors: Respond to many stimuli, C fibre afferents
89
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic tract: transduction mechanisms: Mechanical nociceptors
- Mechanical nociceptors: High pressure, A fibre afferents
90
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic tract: | transduction mechanisms: Thermal nociceptors
- Thermal nociceptors: extreme temperatures, A fibres
91
Nociceptive fibre types: A fibres - Structure - Examples - Pain type
- small diameter, myelinated - Thermal/mechanical - Fast, sharp well-located pain
92
Nociceptive fibre types: C-fibres - Structure - Examples - Pain type
- Non-myelinated - Polymodal or specific - Dull, aching, burning pain
93
Nociceptive fibre types: C-fibres - Structure - Examples - Pain type
- Non-myelinated - Polymodal or specific - Dull, aching, burning pain
94
Spinothalamic tracts: Direct tracts (2)
- Lateral spinothalamic: pain and temperature | - Anterior spinothalamic tract: Crude touch and pressure
95
Anterolateral/spinothalamic system: first order neuron
- Axons enter spinal cord from DRG, may ascend/descend before synapsing - Synapses within the spinal cord
96
Anterolateral/spinothalamic system: second order neuron - Roles (2) - Runs along the ..... - Synapses at ....
- Can form reflex arc or immediately decussate across the spine, to the spinothalamic tract - Runs along medial lemniscus - Synapses in VPL of the thalamus
97
Anterolateral/spinothalamic system: third order neuron | 1
- Carries information to the somatostatin-sensory cortex (posterior central gyrus)
98
Spinoreticular tract: - Role - Tract type
- Responsible for Dull, aching pain. Alertness and arousal response to pain - Indirect tract via reticular formation and intra-median nuc of thalamus
99
Modulating pain: descending regulation (3) - Projection to raphe nuclei - Medullary neuron projection - Action
- Neurons from periventricular and periaqueductal grey matter project to raphe nuclei - Medullary neurons project to dorsal horns - Depressing activity of nociceptive neurons
100
Sensory inputs: head - Main input - Additional inputs
- Somatic sensation of face = mostly trigeminal nerve (CNV) | - Additional sensation = facial(CNVII), glossopharyngeal (CNVIII) and vagus (CNX)
101
Somatosensory pathway: head - CN synapse location - 2nd order movements to thalamus - FInal projection
- CN's synapse onto 2nd order neurons in the ipsilateral trigeminal nucleus - Axons then decussate and project in the trigeminal lemniscus to the VPM nucleus of thalamus - Fibres project to sensory cortex
102
Trigeminal nuclei: pain and temperature
- Respective pathways due to location then to spinal nucleus
103
Trigeminal nuclei: discriminative touch
- To principle sensory nucleus
104
Trigeminal nuclei: proprioception from muscles of mastication
- To mesencephalic nucleus
105
Trigeminal nucela: motor nucleus
- Motor to muscles of mastication
106
Modulating pain: afferent regulation | - presynaptic inhibition:
- Presynaptic inhibition: touch /proprioceptive afferents triggers inhibitory interneurons - Reduces perception of pain
107
Modulating pain: afferent regulation | - presynaptic inhibition:
- Presynaptic inhibition: touch /proprioceptive afferents triggers inhibitory interneurons - Reduces perception of pain

Medicine (18 decks)

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