Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Cranial nerve I: sensory
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Olfactory: sensory
- Olfaction (sense of smell)
- Fibres run through a feature of the ethmoid bone known as the cribriform plate
2
Q
Cranial nerve II: Sensory
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
- Identifying features:
A
- Optic nerve
- Optics (sense of sight)
- Runs through the optic canal (sphenoid bone).
- Identifiable by the x-shaped optic chiasm
3
Q
Cranial nerve III: motor and PS
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Oculomotor: (motor and PS)
- Motor to oculus (moves eye)
- Runs through Superior Orbital Fissure (SOF)
4
Q
Cranial nerve IV: motor
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Trochlear nerve: motor
- Related to the trochlea (eye muscle)
- Runs through SOF
5
Q
Cranial nerve V: Sensory and motor
- Names:
- V1: route
- V2: route FR
- V3: route FO
- Functions:
A
- Trigeminal (has three parts)
- V1: Ophthalmic
- SOF
- V2: Maxillary
- Foramen rotundum
- V3 Mandibular
- Foramen oval
- Roles: All three provide sensory to face, V3 also provides motor fibres to muscles of mastication
6
Q
Cranial nerve VI: motor
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Abducens
- Motor to abductor muscle (abducts the eye)
- SOF
7
Q
Cranial nerve VII: motor
- Name:
- Function:
- Route: IAM, SF
A
- Facial nerve
- Supplies muscles of facial expression
- Internal auditory meatus, runs through skull and exits via stylomastoid foramen, splitting into 5 terminal motor nerves
8
Q
Cranial nerve VIII: sensory
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Vestibulocochlear
- Balance (vestibular) and hearing (cochlear)
- Internal acoustic meatus
9
Q
Cranial nerve IX: Both and PS
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Glossopharyngeal
- Motor and sensory to tongue and sensory to pharynx
- Enters via jugular foramen between temporal and occipital bones
10
Q
Cranial nerve X: Both and PS
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Vagus
- Extensive function: somatic motor to pharynx and larynx. Somatic and visceral sensation , parasympathetic to thoracoabdominal viscera
- Jugular foramen
11
Q
Cranial nerve XI: motor
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Accessory
- “Shrug” nerve, motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
- Jugular foramen
12
Q
Cranial nerve XII: motor
- Name:
- Function:
- Route:
A
- Hypoglossal nerve
- Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
- Hypoglossal canal (occipital bone)
13
Q
Trapezius:
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Raises scapulas/shoulders
- Accessory nerve
- n/a
14
Q
Rhomboids
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Retracts/rotates scapula
- Dorsal scapular nerve
- C4 - C5
15
Q
Serratus anterior
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Rotates scapula
- Long thoracian nerve
- C5 - C7
16
Q
Pectoralis Major
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Adduction + medial rotation
- Lateral/medial pectoral nerves
- C8 - T1
17
Q
Pectoralis minor
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- stabilises the scapula anteriorly
- medial pectoral nerve
- C7-T1
18
Q
Deltoid
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Flexion/extension, medial/lateral rotation
- axillary nerve
- C5-C6
19
Q
Teres major
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Adduction, extension
- Lower subscapular nerve
- C5-C8
20
Q
Latissimus dorsi:
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Extends, adducts and medially rotates
- Thoracodorsal nerve
- T6-S5
21
Q
Levator scapulae
- Action at shoulder
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Elevates scapula
- Dorsal scapular nerve
- C1-C4
22
Q
Shoulder joint (glenohumeral): - Type of joint: - Stabilised by: Gh L Ch L Cc L T H L
A
- Synovial ball and socket
- Glenohumeral, Coracohumeral, coracoclavicular and transverse humeral ligaments
23
Q
Triceps
- Action at elbow
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Extension
- Radial nerve
- C7
24
Q
Biceps
- Action at elbow
- Innervation
- Spinal level
A
- Flexion
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- C6
25
Brachialis
- Action at elbow
- Innervation
- Spinal level
- Flexion
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- C6
26
Radioulnar joints
- Type of joint
- Action at joint
- Pivot type synovial
| - Pronation and supination
27
Pronator
- Action in forearm
- Innervation
- Spinal level
- Pronation
- Median nerve
- C6-T1
28
Supinator
- Action in forearm
- Innervation
- Spinal level
- Pronation
- Posterior interosseous
- C7-C8
29
Cubital fossa borders:
- Lateral: brachioradialis
- Medial: Pronator teres
- Superior: medial epicondyle
30
Anatomical snuffbox borders:
- Medial (ulnar border): extensor pollicis longus tendon
- Lateral (radial) border) extensor pollicis brevis tendon
- Proximal border: styloid process of the radius
31
Sacral plexus:
| - Consists of:
- Mainly formed by S1-S4, contribution from L4 and L5
32
Sacral plexus: Superior gluteal nerve
- Roots:
- Motor functions:
- Sensory functions:
- L4, L5, S1
- Innervates gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata
- No sensory function
33
Sacral plexus: Inferior gluteal nerve
- Roots:
- Motor functions:
- Sensory functions:
- L5, S1, S2
- Innervates gluteus maximus
- None
34
Sacral plexus: Sciatic nerve
- Roots:
- Motor functions:
- Sensory functions:
- L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
- Tibial portion: Innervates posterior compartment of the thigh, Innervates posterior compartment of the leg and sole of the foot.
Common fibular portion – Short head of biceps femoris, anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and extensor digitorum brevis.
- Tibial portion: supplies the skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral foot and the sole of the foot.
- Common fibular portion: supplies the skin of the lateral leg and the dorsum of the foot.
35
sacral plexus: posterior femoral cutaneous
- Roots:
- Motor functions:
- Sensory functions:
- S1, S2, S3
- None
- Innervates skin on the posterior side of the leg and thigh
36
Sacral plexus: pudendal nerve
- Roots:
- Motor functions:
- Sensory functions:
- S2, S3, S4
- Innervates the skeletal muscle in the peritoneum: external anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter and levator ani
- Innervates the penis and clitoris and surrounding skin
37
Femoral triangle borders:
- Roof
- Floor
- Superior:
- Lateral:
- Medial:
- Roof – fascia lata.
- Floor – pectineus, iliopsoas, and adductor longus muscles.
- Superior border – inguinal ligament
- Lateral border – sartorius muscle.
- Medial border – adductor longus muscle. The rest of this muscle forms part of the floor of the triangle.
38
Femoral triangle contents: (lateral to medial) (4)
- Femoral nerve – innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh, and provides sensory branches for the leg and foot.
- Femoral artery – responsible for the majority of the arterial supply to the lower limb.
- Femoral vein – the great saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein within the triangle.
- Femoral canal – contains deep lymph nodes and vessels.
39
Popliteal fossa borders:
Superomedial border – semimembranosus.
Superolateral border – biceps femoris.
Inferomedial border – medial head of the gastrocnemius.
Inferolateral border – lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.
40
Popliteal fossa contents: (medial to lateral) (4)
- Popliteal artery
- Popliteal vein
- Tibial nerve
- Fibular nerve
41
Tarsal tunnel contents: (anterior to posterior) (5)
- Tibialis posterior tendon
- Flexor digitorum longus tendon
- Posterior tibial artery and vein
- Tibial nerve
- Flexor hallucis longus tendon
42
Ligaments of the hip joint:
- Intracapsular: (1)
- Extracapsular: (3)
Intracapsular:
- Ligament of head of femur
Extracapsular:
- Iliofemoral ligament (Y shaped, anterior)
- Pubofemoral ligament (triangle shaped, anterior)
- Ishiofemoral ligament (spiral orientation, posterior)
43
Hip joint flexors:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Psoas major, iliacus, rectus femoris and sartorius
- Femoral nerve
- L2-L4
44
Hip extensors:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Gluteus maximus, hamstrings
| - Inferior gluteal nerve (L4-S2) and sciatic nerve (L4-S3) respectively
45
Hip abductors/Medial rotators:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia lata
- Superior gluteal nerve
- L4-S1
46
Hip adductors:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- pectineus; adductors longus, brevis, magnus
- femoral nerve
- L2-L4
47
Hip joint: lateral rotators
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Piriformis, obturator internus/externus,
- superior gluteal, obturator nerve
- (L4-S1),
48
Ligaments of the knee: (4)
- Cruciate ligaments: anterior/posterior (criss cross)
- Patellar ligament: attaches patella to tibia
- Collateral ligaments: medial and lateral (connect femur to tib and fib)
- Quadriceps tendon`; attaches femur to quadriceps
49
Knee flexors:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Hamstrings: semimembranous, semitendanous and biceps femoris
- Sciatic nerve
- L4-S3
50
Knee extensors:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Quadriceps femoris
- Femoral nerve
- L2-L4
51
Ankle ligaments:
- Medial ligament: resists over-eversion
| - Lateral ligaments: resists over-inversion
52
Ankle joint plantar flexion:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Gastrocnemius, long flexors, peroneals, soleus
- Tibial nerve
- L4-S3
53
Ankle joint dorsiflexion:
- Muscles
- Nerve supply
- Spinal levels
- Tibialis anterior, long toe extensors, peroneus tertius
- Deep fibular nerve
- L4-S1
54
Heart valves: Atrioventricular valves
- Left
- Right
- Mitral valve: 2 valves
| - Tricuspid valve: 3 valves
55
Heart valves: Semilunar valves (2)
- Aortic semilunar valve (3 valves)
| - Pulmonary semilunar valve (3 valves)
56
From where does the Left coronary artery arise and what does it supply?
- Left posterior aortic sinus
| - Oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle
57
Right coronary artery
- Origin
- Supplies
- Anterior coronary sinus
| - Right atrium and right ventricle
58
- Location of coronary sinus
| - Where does it collect venous blood from
- Posterior, inferior to the right atrium
59
Fibrous pericardium:
- Thick or thin:
- Does it easily stretch:
- Adherence:
- Layer
- Thick
- No
- Parietal serous pericardium
- 1st
60
Parietal serous pericardium:
- Thick or thin:
- Adherence:
- Layer
- Thin
- Fibrous pericardium and pericardial cavity
- 2nd
61
Viscel serous pericardium:
- Thick or thin:
- Adherence:
- Layer
- Thin
- Pericardial cavity and myocardium
- 3rd
62
Pericardial cavity:
- Cavity between parietal and serous pericardium
| - Contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
63
Radial artery:
| - What palmar arch does it mainly supply
- Deep palmar arch
64
Ulnar artery:
| - Which palmar arch does to supply
- Superficial palmar arch
65
Cephalic vein:
- Deep or superficial:
- Commences here:
- Medial or lateral?:
- Superficial
- Anatomical snuff box
- lateral
66
Basilic vein:
- Deep or superficial
- Medial or lateral
- Superficial
| - Medial
67
Median cubital vein:
- Position
- Connections
- Cubital fossa
| - Connects basilic and cephalic veins
68
Where do the upper limbs drain to (lymph):
- Axillary lymph nodes
69
Where do the lower limbs drain to:
- External iliac lymph nodes
70
Internal carotid artery:
- Supplies
- Foramen:
- Brain, eyes, forehead
| - Carotid canal
71
Vertebral arteries:
- Arise from
- Travels the neck
- Foramen
- Supply
- Subclavian artery
- Ascends posterior part of neck by passing through holes in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
- Foramen magnum
- Both converge to form basilar artery
72
External carotid artery:
- supplies
- Division: 6
1. S T
2. L
3. F
4. A P
5. O
6. P A
- Areas external to the skull
- Ends at parotid gland:
1. Superior thyroid
2. Lingual
3. Facial
4. Ascending pharyngeal
5. Occipital
6. Posterior auricular