FOM: BSS Flashcards
1
Q
HBM: Percieved severity
- Definition
- example
A
- The probability that a person will change their health behaviours to avoid a consequence depends on how serious they believe the consequence to be
- People who think STD’s aren’t serious are less likely to wear condoms
2
Q
HBM: perceived susceptibility
- Definition
- Example
A
- People will not change their health behaviours unless they believe they are at risk
- E.g. individuals who do not think they will get the flu, won’t get vaccinated
3
Q
HBM: perceived benefits
A
- A benefit that will convince someone to change their health behaviours
- Stopping smoking will improve someones health
4
Q
HBM: perceived barriers
A
- Barriers that people may think prevent them from changing their health behaviours
- E.g. discomfort, expense, inconvenience
5
Q
HBM: cues to action
A
- Outside input that can initiate a change in personal health behaviours
- E.g. media campaigns, physician reminders etc.
5
Q
HBM: cues to action
A
- Outside input that can initiate a change in personal health behaviours
- E.g. media campaigns, physician reminders etc.
6
Q
HBM: self-efficacy
A
- A persons belief in their ability to make health related change
- E.g. if a person believes they are able to quit smoking, they are more likely to
7
Q
Lay diagnosis:
A
- A non-professionals attempt to describe and classify their symptoms
7
Q
Lay diagnosis:
A
- A non-professionals attempt to describe and classify their symptoms
8
Q
Why should shared decision making (SDM) be standard practise?: (3)
A
- Essential for respecting all four pillars of medicine
- Less legal action can occur
- Important to hear the patients lay perspective
9
Q
How to achieve shared decision making: (3)
A
- Make it clear that there is no one best choice, but a decision must be made
- Positives and negatives of options
- Build rapport / trust
10
Q
Doc/patient relationship: paternalistic
- info exchange:
- Deliberation:
- Decision making:
A
- Minimal medical info from doctor to patient
- Doctor leads the discussion
- Doctor makes the decision and the patient agrees
11
Q
Doc/patient relationship: Shared (mutual):
- Info exchange
- Deliberation
- Decision making
A
- Doctor and patient share all relevant information
- Doctor and patient discuss together
- Shared decision making
12
Q
Doc/patient relationship: Informed (consumerist)
- Info exchange
- Deliberation
- Decision making
A
_ Largely from doctor to patient
- Patient lists the information
- Patient makes the decision
13
Q
When may a paternalistic approach be appropriate?
A
- Acute/emergency scenarios
14
Q
When may a shared (mutual) approach be appropriate?
A
- Long-term conditions where a patient has gained extensive knowledge (e.g. asthma, arthritis)
15
Q
When may an informed (consumerist) approach be appropriate?
A
- Participation in clinical research
16
Q
Preference sensitive decisions:
A
- When there is more than one treatment option
17
Q
Reasons for non-compliance: (3)
-Concerns
-views
Possible
A
- Concerns about side-effects
- Views about appropriate treatment
- Practical barriers
18
Q
Concordance:
A
- Agreement about treatment
- Means patients are more likely to adhere
19
Q
Placebo effect:
A
- The positive response of a person to an inert substance or innervation
- Or, to an active intervention, but a much larger response then expected
20
Q
Nocebo response:
A
- Harm rather than benefit caused
- More likely if a person has previous experience of adverse effects
21
Q
Context effects (placebo/nocebo): (5)
- T C
- P C
- P/P R
- H-C S
A
- Treatment characteristics: colour, size, drug shape
- Patients characteristics: beliefs, anxiety, adherence)
- Patient/practitioner relationship: reassurance, compassion
- Health-care setting: home, hospital
22
Q
Health systems:
A
- Consists of all organisations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore and maintain health
23
5 main systems for funding:
- General taxation (social solidarity)
- National health insurance
- Privatised health insurance
- Out of pocket payments
- Charitable donations
24
UK NHS - a social solidarity system:
| - Services provided: (4)
- Hospital services
- GP services
- Ambulance services
- Community health services
25
NHS fundamental rules of distribution: (3)
- Universal coverage
- Free at the point of delivery
- Access based on clinical need, not the ability to pay
26
Medical diversity:
- The co-existence of different medical traditions and practises in a single setting
27
Three sectors of health care:
- Popular
- Folk
- Professional
28
Sectors of health care: Popular (3)
- Includes
- Formality
- Scale
- Family, social and kinship networks
- Informal (includes self-medication)
- Most ill health dealt with here
29
Sectors of healthcare: Folk (2)
- Non professional, specialist healers
| - Informal (religious, self-medication)
30
Sectors of health care: Professional (3)
- Structure
- Training level
- Recognition
- Professionally organised system
- Formal, standardised recruitment
- Accredited training and qualification
31
CAM:
- Complementary and alternative medicine
32
Why do people use CAM? (4)
- Ineffectiveness......
- Concern about ....
- Discriminatory.....
- ............-centred approach
- Ineffectiveness of biomed for them
- Concerned about biomed side effects
- Ethnicity and culture
- Discriminatory experience
- Patient-centred approach
33
Problems with CAMs:
- Healthcare practitioners lack knowledge on CAMS
- Some forms of CAMS are not respected by practitioners
- Lack of disclosure
- CAMs may have an adverse reaction with biomed treatment
34
Traditional medicine:
- The sum-total of the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures
35
Why do people us TM: (2)
- Subsaharan africa)
- Asia
- Affordability and accessibility (subsaharan Africa)
| - Cultural, historical and institutional influences (Asia)
36
Examples of Global health inequities: (5)
- Life expectancy
- Under 5 mortality rate
- Maternal mortality rate
- Life expectancy
- Health expenditure per capita
37
Factors effecting health inequities:
- Lifestyle/behaviour
- Material/structure
- Psychosocial
38
Why do inequities exist?: Lifestyle/behavioural
- Certain groups are more likely to engage in health-harming behaviours (smoking, alcohol)
- Less likely to engage in health promoting behaviours (correct nutrition, exercise)
39
Why do inequities exist: Material/structural explanation
- Defintion
- Types of impact (3)
- Poverty is the number one cause of ill health
- poverty has many impacts on health
1. Direct impact (unfit homes)
2. Affects choices (healthy Diet)
3. Access to services
40
Why do inequities exist?: structuralist perspective
- Society organised into social groups, hierarchical in nature
- Position in hierarchy determines how much agency one has
41
Agency:
- The capacity to make choices and to put those choices to action
42
Psychosocial explanations:
- Negative psychological experiences can harm your health
| - Certain groups more likely to experience negative psychosocial states
