FOM: BSS Flashcards

1
Q

HBM: Percieved severity

  • Definition
  • example
A
  • The probability that a person will change their health behaviours to avoid a consequence depends on how serious they believe the consequence to be
  • People who think STD’s aren’t serious are less likely to wear condoms
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2
Q

HBM: perceived susceptibility

  • Definition
  • Example
A
  • People will not change their health behaviours unless they believe they are at risk
  • E.g. individuals who do not think they will get the flu, won’t get vaccinated
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3
Q

HBM: perceived benefits

A
  • A benefit that will convince someone to change their health behaviours
  • Stopping smoking will improve someones health
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4
Q

HBM: perceived barriers

A
  • Barriers that people may think prevent them from changing their health behaviours
  • E.g. discomfort, expense, inconvenience
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5
Q

HBM: cues to action

A
  • Outside input that can initiate a change in personal health behaviours
  • E.g. media campaigns, physician reminders etc.
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5
Q

HBM: cues to action

A
  • Outside input that can initiate a change in personal health behaviours
  • E.g. media campaigns, physician reminders etc.
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6
Q

HBM: self-efficacy

A
  • A persons belief in their ability to make health related change
  • E.g. if a person believes they are able to quit smoking, they are more likely to
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7
Q

Lay diagnosis:

A
  • A non-professionals attempt to describe and classify their symptoms
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7
Q

Lay diagnosis:

A
  • A non-professionals attempt to describe and classify their symptoms
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8
Q

Why should shared decision making (SDM) be standard practise?: (3)

A
  • Essential for respecting all four pillars of medicine
  • Less legal action can occur
  • Important to hear the patients lay perspective
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9
Q

How to achieve shared decision making: (3)

A
  • Make it clear that there is no one best choice, but a decision must be made
  • Positives and negatives of options
  • Build rapport / trust
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10
Q

Doc/patient relationship: paternalistic

  • info exchange:
  • Deliberation:
  • Decision making:
A
  • Minimal medical info from doctor to patient
  • Doctor leads the discussion
  • Doctor makes the decision and the patient agrees
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11
Q

Doc/patient relationship: Shared (mutual):

  • Info exchange
  • Deliberation
  • Decision making
A
  • Doctor and patient share all relevant information
  • Doctor and patient discuss together
  • Shared decision making
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12
Q

Doc/patient relationship: Informed (consumerist)

  • Info exchange
  • Deliberation
  • Decision making
A

_ Largely from doctor to patient

  • Patient lists the information
  • Patient makes the decision
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13
Q

When may a paternalistic approach be appropriate?

A
  • Acute/emergency scenarios
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14
Q

When may a shared (mutual) approach be appropriate?

A
  • Long-term conditions where a patient has gained extensive knowledge (e.g. asthma, arthritis)
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15
Q

When may an informed (consumerist) approach be appropriate?

A
  • Participation in clinical research
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16
Q

Preference sensitive decisions:

A
  • When there is more than one treatment option
17
Q

Reasons for non-compliance: (3)
-Concerns
-views
Possible

A
  • Concerns about side-effects
  • Views about appropriate treatment
  • Practical barriers
18
Q

Concordance:

A
  • Agreement about treatment

- Means patients are more likely to adhere

19
Q

Placebo effect:

A
  • The positive response of a person to an inert substance or innervation
  • Or, to an active intervention, but a much larger response then expected
20
Q

Nocebo response:

A
  • Harm rather than benefit caused

- More likely if a person has previous experience of adverse effects

21
Q

Context effects (placebo/nocebo): (5)

  • T C
  • P C
  • P/P R
  • H-C S
A
  • Treatment characteristics: colour, size, drug shape
  • Patients characteristics: beliefs, anxiety, adherence)
  • Patient/practitioner relationship: reassurance, compassion
  • Health-care setting: home, hospital
22
Q

Health systems:

A
  • Consists of all organisations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore and maintain health
23
5 main systems for funding:
- General taxation (social solidarity) - National health insurance - Privatised health insurance - Out of pocket payments - Charitable donations
24
UK NHS - a social solidarity system: | - Services provided: (4)
- Hospital services - GP services - Ambulance services - Community health services
25
NHS fundamental rules of distribution: (3)
- Universal coverage - Free at the point of delivery - Access based on clinical need, not the ability to pay
26
Medical diversity:
- The co-existence of different medical traditions and practises in a single setting
27
Three sectors of health care:
- Popular - Folk - Professional
28
Sectors of health care: Popular (3) - Includes - Formality - Scale
- Family, social and kinship networks - Informal (includes self-medication) - Most ill health dealt with here
29
Sectors of healthcare: Folk (2)
- Non professional, specialist healers | - Informal (religious, self-medication)
30
Sectors of health care: Professional (3) - Structure - Training level - Recognition
- Professionally organised system - Formal, standardised recruitment - Accredited training and qualification
31
CAM:
- Complementary and alternative medicine
32
Why do people use CAM? (4) - Ineffectiveness...... - Concern about .... - Discriminatory..... - ............-centred approach
- Ineffectiveness of biomed for them - Concerned about biomed side effects - Ethnicity and culture - Discriminatory experience - Patient-centred approach
33
Problems with CAMs:
- Healthcare practitioners lack knowledge on CAMS - Some forms of CAMS are not respected by practitioners - Lack of disclosure - CAMs may have an adverse reaction with biomed treatment
34
Traditional medicine:
- The sum-total of the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures
35
Why do people us TM: (2) - Subsaharan africa) - Asia
- Affordability and accessibility (subsaharan Africa) | - Cultural, historical and institutional influences (Asia)
36
Examples of Global health inequities: (5)
- Life expectancy - Under 5 mortality rate - Maternal mortality rate - Life expectancy - Health expenditure per capita
37
Factors effecting health inequities:
- Lifestyle/behaviour - Material/structure - Psychosocial
38
Why do inequities exist?: Lifestyle/behavioural
- Certain groups are more likely to engage in health-harming behaviours (smoking, alcohol) - Less likely to engage in health promoting behaviours (correct nutrition, exercise)
39
Why do inequities exist: Material/structural explanation - Defintion - Types of impact (3)
- Poverty is the number one cause of ill health - poverty has many impacts on health 1. Direct impact (unfit homes) 2. Affects choices (healthy Diet) 3. Access to services
40
Why do inequities exist?: structuralist perspective
- Society organised into social groups, hierarchical in nature - Position in hierarchy determines how much agency one has
41
Agency:
- The capacity to make choices and to put those choices to action
42
Psychosocial explanations:
- Negative psychological experiences can harm your health | - Certain groups more likely to experience negative psychosocial states