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Medicine > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mineral phase of bones made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite

a calcium phosphate

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2
Q

What is the organic phase of bones made out of?

A

Collagen and other proteins

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3
Q

Role of osteochondral progenitor cells

A

Undifferentiated stem cells

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4
Q

Role of osteoblasts

A

make new bone

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5
Q

role of osteocytes

A

maintain the activity of the bone

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6
Q

Role of osteoclasts

A

Removes (resorbs) old bone cells for renewal

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7
Q

Structure type of cortical bone

A

compact

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8
Q

structure type of cancellous/trabecular bone

A

Spongy bone

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9
Q

When does Endochondral ossification mostly occur

A

In Utero

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10
Q

What makes endochondral ossification different to Intramembranous ossification

A

Endochondral ossification occurs around a cartilage base

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11
Q

Bone remodelling process

stage 1

A
  1. Bone lining cells retract due to activation by mechanical or biochemical stimulus
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12
Q

Bone remodelling process

stage 2

A

Osteoclast attraction and fusion to become activated. Osteoclast digestion of underlying bone

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13
Q

Bone remodelling process

step 3

A

Osteoblasts move into the resorption cavity, forming a new bony matrix that is subsequently calcified

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14
Q

Ossification definition

A

Bone tissue formation, may form in any region with fibroblasts, excess calcium and adequate blood supply

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15
Q

Calcification definition

A

Calcium salts build up in tissues, causing it to harden, may happen in any mesenchymous tissue of low metabolism

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16
Q

Factors affecting bone growth

A 
Mechanical 
Hormones 
Nutrients
Ageing 
Disease
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17
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

4 answers

A

End of synovial joints,
ribs to sternum,
larynx and nose,
reinforces trachea and bronchi

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18
Q

What forms hyaline cartilage?

A

Type two collagen fibres

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19
Q

Location of fibrocartilage?

A

Areas of high stress (vertebral discs, menisci)

20
Q

What forms fibrocartilage?

A

Type one collagen

Less matrix and more collagen so is more compressible

21
Q

How much calcium does the body contain?

A

1Kg

22
Q

What three factors regulate calcium levels?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Vitamin D
  • Calcitonin
23
Q

Action of PTH on the kidney

A
  • Increases calcium resorption in distal tubes
  • Increase in phosphate excretion
  • Increases formation of vitamin D
24
Q

General action of PTH

A

Stimulates bone resorption

25
Q

Actions of Vitamin D on bone

A

Stimulates bone Resorption process

26
Q

Actions of vitamin D on intestine

A
  • Stimulates calcium absorption

- Stimulates phosphate absorption

27
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

28
Q

What is rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency in children

29
Q

Action of calcitonin

A

Opposes the effect of PTH

30
Q

What secretes PTH?

A

Parafollicular cells of the parathyroid gland

31
Q 
Calcium levels fall
(4 parts)
-effect on kidneys?
-effect on vitamin D?
-effect on intestine?
A
  • Parathyroid gland secretes PTH
  • Increasing resorption of calcium in kidneys
  • Increased activation of vitamin D
  • Increased Ca absorption from intestine
  • Calcium levels increase
32
Q

Bone density definition

A

A measure of the amount of minerals present in the bone

33
Q

factors affecting bone density

3

A
  • Substrate availability
  • Physiological factors
  • Hormones/ steroid hormones
34
Q

What is a torus fracture?

A

The bone buckles but the surface integrity on the convex side is maintained.

35
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Bone is bent, damage to concave side but incomplete

36
Q

Salter Harris fractures

A

Fractures including the growth plate

37
Q

Causes of rickets

3

A
  • Prematurity
  • Maternal vitamin D deficiency
  • Lack of sunlight
38
Q

Symptoms of rickets

A

Skeletal changes and growth pain

39
Q

Osteopenia definition

A

Reduced bone density

Bone mineral density score between -1 and -2.5

40
Q

Effects of age on bone

2

A
  • Resorption greater than formation

- Osteoporosis

41
Q

Sarcopenia definition

A

The accelerated loss of muscle mass and function.

42
Q 
Acute pain : 
. Duration? 
. Aetiology?
. Purpose?
. Examples?
A

. Short
. Result of injury/disease
. important protective role
. fracture, sprain, acute-post operative pain

43
Q 
Chronic pain: 
. Duration?
. Aetiology? 
. Purpose? 
. Examples?
A

. Long (<3-6 months)
. Can be related to tissue damage, can persist beyond normal healing
. No useful biological function
. chronic back pain, osteoarthritis

44
Q

Prevalence of chronic pain

A

affects 15-44% of general population

45
Q

Personal/social impact of chronic pain

A

disability stigma
inability to work
depression

Medicine (18 decks)

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