Musculoskeletal

Question 1

What is the mineral phase of bones made of?

Answer 1

Hydroxyapatite

a calcium phosphate

Question 2

What is the organic phase of bones made out of?

Answer 2

Collagen and other proteins

Question 3

Role of osteochondral progenitor cells

Answer 3

Undifferentiated stem cells

Question 4

Role of osteoblasts

Answer 4

make new bone

Question 5

role of osteocytes

Answer 5

maintain the activity of the bone

Question 6

Role of osteoclasts

Answer 6

Removes (resorbs) old bone cells for renewal

Question 7

Structure type of cortical bone

Answer 7

compact

Question 8

structure type of cancellous/trabecular bone

Answer 8

Spongy bone

Question 9

When does Endochondral ossification mostly occur

Answer 9

In Utero

Question 10

What makes endochondral ossification different to Intramembranous ossification

Answer 10

Endochondral ossification occurs around a cartilage base

Question 11

Bone remodelling process

stage 1

Answer 11

1. Bone lining cells retract due to activation by mechanical or biochemical stimulus

Question 12

Bone remodelling process

stage 2

Answer 12

Osteoclast attraction and fusion to become activated. Osteoclast digestion of underlying bone

Question 13

Bone remodelling process

step 3

Answer 13

Osteoblasts move into the resorption cavity, forming a new bony matrix that is subsequently calcified

Question 14

Ossification definition

Answer 14

Bone tissue formation, may form in any region with fibroblasts, excess calcium and adequate blood supply

Question 15

Calcification definition

Answer 15

Calcium salts build up in tissues, causing it to harden, may happen in any mesenchymous tissue of low metabolism

Question 16

Factors affecting bone growth

Answer 16

Mechanical 
Hormones 
Nutrients
Ageing 
Disease

Question 17

Location of hyaline cartilage

4 answers

Answer 17

End of synovial joints,
ribs to sternum,
larynx and nose,
reinforces trachea and bronchi

Question 18

What forms hyaline cartilage?

Answer 18

Type two collagen fibres

Question 19

Location of fibrocartilage?

Answer 19

Areas of high stress (vertebral discs, menisci)

Question 20

What forms fibrocartilage?

Answer 20

Type one collagen

Less matrix and more collagen so is more compressible

Question 21

How much calcium does the body contain?

Answer 21

1Kg

Question 22

What three factors regulate calcium levels?

Answer 22

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Vitamin D
• Calcitonin

Question 23

Action of PTH on the kidney

Answer 23

• Increases calcium resorption in distal tubes
• Increase in phosphate excretion
• Increases formation of vitamin D

Question 24

General action of PTH

Answer 24

Stimulates bone resorption

Question 25

Actions of Vitamin D on bone

Answer 25

Stimulates bone Resorption process

Question 26

Actions of vitamin D on intestine

Answer 26

- Stimulates calcium absorption | - Stimulates phosphate absorption

Question 27

What is osteomalacia?

Answer 27

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

Question 28

What is rickets?

Answer 28

Vitamin D deficiency in children

Question 29

Action of calcitonin

Answer 29

Opposes the effect of PTH

Question 30

What secretes PTH?

Answer 30

Parafollicular cells of the parathyroid gland

Question 31

``` Calcium levels fall (4 parts) -effect on kidneys? -effect on vitamin D? -effect on intestine? ```

Answer 31

- Parathyroid gland secretes PTH - Increasing resorption of calcium in kidneys - Increased activation of vitamin D - Increased Ca absorption from intestine - Calcium levels increase

Question 32

Bone density definition

Answer 32

A measure of the amount of minerals present in the bone

Question 33

factors affecting bone density | 3

Answer 33

- Substrate availability - Physiological factors - Hormones/ steroid hormones

Question 34

What is a torus fracture?

Answer 34

The bone buckles but the surface integrity on the convex side is maintained.

Question 35

What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 35

Bone is bent, damage to concave side but incomplete

Question 36

Salter Harris fractures

Answer 36

Fractures including the growth plate

Question 37

Causes of rickets | 3

Answer 37

- Prematurity - Maternal vitamin D deficiency - Lack of sunlight

Question 38

Symptoms of rickets

Answer 38

Skeletal changes and growth pain

Question 39

Osteopenia definition

Answer 39

Reduced bone density | Bone mineral density score between -1 and -2.5

Question 40

Effects of age on bone | 2

Answer 40

- Resorption greater than formation | - Osteoporosis

Question 41

Sarcopenia definition

Answer 41

The accelerated loss of muscle mass and function.

Question 42

``` Acute pain : . Duration? . Aetiology? . Purpose? . Examples? ```

Answer 42

. Short . Result of injury/disease . important protective role . fracture, sprain, acute-post operative pain

Question 43

``` Chronic pain: . Duration? . Aetiology? . Purpose? . Examples? ```

Answer 43

. Long (<3-6 months) . Can be related to tissue damage, can persist beyond normal healing . No useful biological function . chronic back pain, osteoarthritis

Question 44

Prevalence of chronic pain

Answer 44

affects 15-44% of general population

Question 45

Personal/social impact of chronic pain

Answer 45

disability stigma inability to work depression