Neuro Assessment Flashcards
What ate the common symptoms for nervous system assessment
- headache
- mental status change
- dizziness, vertigo, syncope
- numbness or loss of sensation
- deficits of 5 senses
It is the most common symptom
Headache
Headache pain may be mild or severe, acute or chronic, localized or generalized
_____ of HA - benign in nature (muscle contraction or vascular)
______ - pathology (genes)
may be a symptom of a serious medical problem
- 90
- 10
early indication of a change in neurologic status.
MENTAL STATUS CHANGE
Mental status change begin slowly as ______, ________, ________
- forgetfulness
- memory loss
- inability to concentrate
What are the causes of mental status change
-neurologic problems,
- fluid & electrolyte imbalance,
-hypoxia,
- low perfusion state,
- nutritional deficiencies,
-infections,
- renal & liver disease,
- hyper or hypothermia,
- trauma,
- medications, & drug & alcohol abuse
It is the fainting sensation
Dizziness
Type of vertigo where the surrounding is spinning around
Objective vertigo
Type of vertigo where the person is spinning around
Subjective vertigo
Dizziness can lead to _____
Syncope
It is the temporary loss of consciousness. “Blacked out” “had a spell”
Syncope
It is the numbing or tingling sensation
Paresthesia
What are the causes of paresthesia
- diabetes
- neurologic
- metabolic
- CV
- renal
- inflammatory
Smell - _____
Visual acuity, pupillary constriction, extraocular movement (EOM)
-_______; _______;_______; _______
Taste -_______;_______
Hearing -______
Touch -________
- 1 Olfactory
- 2 optic, 3 oculomotor, 4 trochlear, 6 abducens
- 7 facial, 9 glossopharyngeal
- 8 acoustic
- 5 trigeminal
What are the 7 types of examination for the neurological system
- level of functioning
- mental status
- sensation
- cranial nerves
- motor function
- cerebral function
- reflexes
What are the areas focused on level of functioning
- level of consciousness
- assessing orientation
- memory
Terms used to describe the level of consciousness
- alert
- lethargic
- stuporous
- comatose
_______- tollows commands in a timely fashion
______ Appears drowsy, may drift to sleep
________- requires vigorous stimulation (shaking, shouting) for a response
________ - does not respond appropriately to either verbal or painful stimuli
Alter
Lethargic
Stuporous
Comatose
What is the scale used for comatose pt
Glasgow coma scale
_______ abnormal position of the arms with legs extended & internally rotated & feet plantar flexed
ominous sign (poor prognosis)
Arms are flexed chest & hands are clenched & internally rotated
• Decorticate (flexion posturing)
Arms are extended the hands are clenched & hyperpronated
• Decerebrate (extension posturing)
What are asked in assessing the orientation of a person
- time
- place
- person
What must be checked during mental status
- Known brain lesion(stroke, tumor, trauma)
- Suspected brain lesion(new seizures, headaches)
- Memory deficits
- Confusion
- Vague Behavioral complaints(by significant others)
- Aphasia - inability to communicate
- Irritability
- Emotional lability - rapid exaggerated changes in mood
Assessing the sensation is divided into 3 sections what are those
- exteroceptive sensation
- proprioceptive sensation
- cortical sensation
• superficial sensations that originate in the skin and mucuos membranes.
Ex_______, _______ and________
- exteroceptive sensation
- light touch, superficial pain, temp
Assessment of motor function involves assessing for______,________,________,_________, ________
- muscle size
- muscle strength
- muscle tone
- muscle coordination
- gait and movement
The __________ is performed in patients with neurological signs or symptoms of cerebellar pathology, for example: dizziness, loss of balance, or poor co-ordination.
cerebellar examination
_______ are performed as part of a neurological exam, either a mini-exam done to quickly confirm integrity of the ______ or a more complete exam performed to diagnose the presence and location of spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease
- Reflex tests
- spinal cord
______ - Inability to recognize object
Sight (________)
Touch (________)
Hearing (________ )
- Agnosia
- visual agnosia
- tactile agnosia
- auditory agnosia
complete or partial loss of voluntary muscle movement
Akinesia
absence or impairment of ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs
Aphasia
inability to express language even though person knows what he wants to say
- Also known as Broca’s or motor aphasia; Frontal lobe affected
Expressive (motor) aphasia
words can be spoken but are used incorrectly.
Fluent aphasia
slow deliberate speech, few words
Nonfluent aphasia
inability to comprehend spoken or written words ( also known as Wernicke’s or sensory aphasia
Receptive (sensory) aphasia
inability carry out learned sequential movements or commands
Apraxia
inability to name object verbally, so patient talks around object or uses gesture to define it
Circumlocution
defective speech; inability to articulate words; impairment of tongue & other muscles needed for speech
Dysarthria
impaired or difficult speech
Dysphasia
_________ difficulty with quality of voice; hoarseness
________
made-up, nonsense, meaningless words
Dysphonia
Neologism
one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood.
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)
What are the causes of ADHD
CAUSES
- Brain injury
- Exposure to environmental risks (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or at a young age
- Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy
- Premature delivery
- Low birth weight
What are the signs and symptoms of ADHD
A child with ADHD might:
1. daydream a lot
2. forget or lose things a lot
3. squirm or fidget
4. talk too much
5. make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks
6. have a hard time resisting temptation
7. have trouble taking turns
8. have difficulty getting along with others
How to manage people of children with ADHD
- Developing _______ such as eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and choosing lean protein sources
- Participating in daily ______ based on age
- _______ the amount of daily screen time from TVs, computers, phones, and other electronics
- Getting the recommended amount of _______ each night based on
- healthy eating habits
- physical activity
- Limiting
- sleep
• A ________ is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head.
- migraine
What are the signs and symptoms of migraine
- Pain usually on _____ of your head, but often on both sides
- Pain that______ or ______
- Sensitivity to______, sound, and sometimes smell and touch
4._______ and_____
- one side
- throbs, pulses
- light
- nausea, vomiting
WHEN MIGRAINE NEEDS MEDICAL HELP
1. An abrupt, severe headache like a_______.
2. _______[ with fever, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, double vision, numbness or weakness in any part of the body, which could be a sign of a stroke
3. Headache after a_______
4. A_______ that is worse after coughing, exertion, straining or a sudden movement
5. New_______ after age 50
- thunderclaps
- headache
- head injury
- chronic headache
- headache pain
What are the risk factors of migraine
- sex
- age
- family history
- other medical conditions
What are the trigger factors of migraine
- hormone changes
- stress
- foods
- skipping meals
- caffeine
- changes in weather
- senses
- medications
- physical activity
- tobacco
- changes to your sleep
How to treat migraines
TREATMENT
Home remedies
You may ease migraine symptoms by:
1.______ with your eyes closed in a______ and ______ room
2. Putting a_______ or ice pack on your forehead
3. _______ plenty of liquids.
- resting, dark, quiet
- cool compress, ice pack
- drink
• It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities.
- Alzheimer’s is the most common example of ______
DEMENTIA
What causes Alzheimer’s disease
It is caused by the abnormal build-up of______ in and around brain cells.
• One of the proteins involved is called______, deposits of which form plaques around brain cells.
The other protein is called ______, deposits of which form tangles within brain cells.
- proteins
- amyloid
- tau
What is the 7 early signs of alzheimer
EARLY SIGNS
1.______ that affects daily life. …
2. Loss of _______ ability. …
3._______ about times and places. …
4. ________ with language. …
5. _______ things. …
6. Poor _______. …
7. _______ changes.
- memory loss
- problem solving
- confusion
- limitations
- misplacing
- judgement
- personality
HOME TREATMENT
Tips for Everyday Care for People With Dementia/Alzheimer’s
- Try to keep a_______, such as bathing, dressing, and eating at the same time each day.
- Help the person write down______, appointments, and events in a notebook or calendar.
3.________ that the person enjoys and try to do them at the same time each day.
- routine
- to-do list
- plan activities
• brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination.
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
What are the causes of parkinson’s disease
CAUSES
- This is caused by a loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the ______
• Nerve cells in this part of the brain are responsible for producing a chemical called _______.
- substantia nigra
- dopamine
4 Main Symptoms: of Parkinson’s
1._____ in hands, arms, legs, jaw, or head.
2._____, where muscle remains contracted for a lon time.
3._______ of particular parts of the body (tremor)
4._______
- tremor
- muscle stiffness
- involuntary shaking
- slow movement
- is the recognition of movements drawn on the skin
Stereognosis
- the recognition of solid objects through touch.
Graphestesia
- is the ability to discem that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one
Two-point Discrimination
- the individual’s ability to perceive two simultaneous light touches
Extinction
• deep sensations, with sensory receptors in the muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments)
•it is tested with the modalities of motion and position
Proprioceptive sensations
• those that require cerebral integrative and discriminative abilities.
Cortical Sensations
What type of sensation test is used with the modalities of motion and position
Proprioceptive
2 parts of central nervous system
brain & spinal cord
control centers of heart and lungs
medulla oblungata
bridge between prarts of nervous system
pons
3 section of sensation
exteroceptive sensation
proprioceptive sensation
cortical sensation
examples of cortical sensation
Stereognosis (movements)
Graphestesia (solid)
Two point discrimination (two obj)
Extinction (two simultaneous LIGHT touch)
3 caregory of glasgow coma scale
eye opening
verbal
motor
4 common neurologic disorders
adhd
migraine
alzheimer
parkinsons
