Motor-Musculoskeletal Flashcards
It is the body’s central framework
Skeletal system
the skeletal system consists of _____ and ______
bones and connective tissue (cartilage, ligaments, tendons)
what is the primary function of skeletal system
- structure
- protection
- act as levers
- produce blood cells
- store calcium
Organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, & cardiac muscles.
muscular system
muscular system permits ______ of the body, maintains _______, and _______ blood throughout the body.
- movement
- posture
- circulates
what is the primary function of muscular system
- allow movement and position
- produce heat
point of articulation of two bones; provide ROM
joint
connects bone to bone
ligament
connect muscle to bone
tendon
supports and shapes; acts as a shock absorber
cartilage
sacs filled w/ synovial fluid; cushion & reduce friction
between joints
● Bursae:
type of joint that permits rotation in one axis ( supinates, pronates, rotates)
pivot
type of joint that allows FLEXION and EXTENSION
hinge
type of joint that can be FLEXED, EXTEND, ABDUCT, ADDUCT and CIRCUMDUCT. also called “Egg-in-spoon joint”
condyloid
longitudinal type of joint with bone moving around a central axis
without any displacement from tat axis
axis
moves across many possible axes (flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, abduction, adduction & circumduction)
ball and socket
moves across many axes; articular surface are flat, & one bone rides over the other in many directions (limited in many directions)
plane/ gliding
type of joint that can only abduct, adduct, opposition and reposition
saddle
in assessing the musculoskeletal system, what are the possible abnormal findings
- Symmetry/Asymmetry –
- Skin Color and Appearance
- Rash
- Ulcers
- Lack of sweating
- Hair abnormalities
- Warmth and heat
- Swelling including effusions, nodules
- Inflammatory findings like synovial and periarticular thickening.
what are the common problems of the musculoskeletal system
pain
weakness
stiffness
balance and coordination
it is usually associated with movement
muscle pain
muscle pain can be caused by ______ or _______
cramping or soreness
what are the possible cause of bone pain?
fracture
RA (rheumatoid arthritis)
Osteoarthritis
bone pain can be felt as ______, ________, ________ pain
deep, dull, throbbing
RA and osteoarthritis is experienced by joint pain and stiffness, what is the difference between them?
- RA worse in the morning
- Osteoarthritis worse at the end of the day
it is associated with certain diseases that migrates from muscle to groups of muscles
muscle weakness
how do we assess muscle weakness?
- know symptoms patter
- ask pt if weakness interferes with ADL
T OR F: is it necessary to ask the patient if the muscle weakness interferes with their ADL?
T
what are the 2 SYMPTOM PATTER for muscle weakness
- proximal weakness
- distal weakness
a. Proximal weakness -is usually a _________
b. Distal weakness - is usually a
- myopathy
- neuropathy
what ADLS are affected when there is PROXIMAL weakness of UPPER extremities
difficulty lifting objects or combing hair
what ADLS are affected when there is PROXIMAL weakness of LOWER extremities
difficulty with walking & crossing the knees.
what ADLS are affected when there is DISTAL weakness of UPPER extremities
difficulty in dressing or turning the knob
it is the most common musculoskeletal complaint
stiffness
this indicates neurological problem
balance and coordination
balance and coordination problems manifest as__________ or difficulty in _________
gait problems
ADL
_____________ is a neurodegenerative genetic
disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive
decline and psychiatric problems.
Huntington’s disease (HD)
irregular & uncoordinated voluntary movements.
ataxia –
● Rigid, stooped posture with head leaning forward
& arms, knees & hips stiffly flexed
● Rapid, short, shuffling steps
● Cause: __________ (classic gait)
propulsive gait
- Parkinson’s disease
● BILATERAL spastic paresis of legs; arms not involved
● LEGS FLEXED at hip & knees
● Knees ADDUCT & meet or cross like scissors
● SHORT STEPS, foot plantarflexed, walks on toes
● Causes: ________,________,________
scissors gait
-Cerebral palsy, MS, spinal cord tumors
● UNILATERALLY stiff, DRAGGING leg from leg, muscle HYPERTONICITY
● Causes: ______,______,______
spastic gait (hemiplegic)
- Stroke, MS, brain tumor
● DUCK LIKE walk with WIDE base of support, chest thrown back, exaggerated LUMBAR CURVE (lordosis), & PROTRUDING abdomen
● Weak pelvic girdle muscles
● Normal in ________ & late signs of _________
waddling gait
- toddlers, pregnancy
● FOOT DROP with external rotation of hip & hip & knee flexion
● FOOT SLAP when it hits ground
● Causes: ____,_______,________
Steppage gait (EQUINE, PRANCING, PARETIC, OR WEAK)
- MS, perineal muscle atrophy, or nerve damage
what is the normal spinal curve (posture)
- cervical =
- thoracic =
- lumbar =
- sacral =
- cervical = concave
- thoracic = convex
- lumbar =concave
- sacral =convex
a spinal deformity characterized by an accentuated THORACIC curve
kyphosis
known as dowager’s hump
senile kyphosis
a spinal deformity characterized by an accentuated LUMBAR curve
lordosis
a spinal deformity characterized by lateral “S” spinal deviation
scoliosis
common abnormality where there is PLANTAR FLEXION of the foot with the toes BENT
foot drop
this abnormality is a result from the weakness or paralysis of the
dorsiflexor muscles of the foot & ankle
footdrop
footdrop may also be caused from prolonged ________
immobility
it is a strong contraction and is most common in calf and foot
muscle spasms (cramps)
T OR F: muscle spasms may result from muscle fatigue, exercise,
electrolyte imbalances, neuromuscular disorder & pregnancy
T
it is a common musculoskeletal abnormality characterized by MUSCLE WASTING or degeneration or prolonged muscle DISUSE
muscle atrophy
crunching or grating you can hear or feel when a joint with roughened
articular surfaces moves
crepitus
T OR F: crepitus can be heard in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fracture
T
Unexplained __________-excessive muscle size
__________ – atony
__________ - weakness
__________ – involuntary twitching of muscle fibers
__________ – involuntary contraction of muscles
- hypertrophy
- Flaccidity
- Hypotonicity
- Fasciculations
- Tremors
How to describe the musculoskeletal INJURY (5 P’s)
______ - Location, severity, quality
_______ - Loss of sensation
_______ - inability to move -tendon or nerve damage
_______ - paleness, discoloration, & coolness
______ - Distal to the injury site
- pain
- ● Paresthesia
● Paralysis
● Pallor
● Pulse
it is an AUTOIMMUNE disease causing inflammation of the joint
rheumatoid arthritis
among all joint abnormality, it is the most serious and disabling?
rheumatoid arthritis
RA symptoms involves, ______, ____, ______ finger joints
Swollen, stiff, tender
chronic RA is characterized by two types of deformity, what are those
○ Boutonniere deformity
○ Swan-neck deformity
it is a joint abnormality that has presence of DEFORMITIES and NODULES of the hands
gouty arthritis
it is a hereditary metabolic disorder with hyperuricemia in the joints
gouty arthirist
a joint abnormality that is common in women? in men?
women = RA
men = gouty
deterioration of bone cartilage in
the joint, leading to pain &
limited movement
osteoarthritist
it is a DJD(degenerative joint diseases) and also known as “wear and tear” arthrisist
osteoarthritis
part of osteoarthritis that is hard, painless nodules over the DISTAL interphalangeal joints? PROXIMAL?
distal = Heberden’s nodes
proximal = Bouchard’s nodes
a symptom of Systemic Lupus Erymatosus (an autoimmune disease in which the immune
system attacks its own tissues).
Lupus Arthritis
Lupus Arthritis Symptoms include _____, _______, and _______ rash on the face.
fever, joint pain and butterfly-shaped
type of arthritis that affects
some people with the skin
condition PSORIASIS.
psoriatic arthritis
T OR F: psoriatic arthritis typically causes affected joints to become swollen, smooth and painful.
F (stiff)
Often on MEDIAL side, may present with laterally DEVIATED great toe with OVERLAPPING of 2nd toe
hallux valgus
Enlarged, painful, INFLAMMED BURSA SACS filled with synovial fluid; cushion and reduce friction between joints
bursae
HYPEREXTENSION of the metatarsophalangeal joint & FLEXION of the proximal interphalangeal joint
hammer toe
PAINFULLY thickened skin over bony prominences & pressure points
corns
PAINLESS thickened skin that
covers pressure points
callus
Round, enlarged, fluid-filled cyst
(dorsal side of wrist)
ganglion
non tender but may be painful near
tendon sheath
ganglion
what are the 7 types of joints
pivot
hinge
conduloid
axis
ball and socket
plane: gliding
saddle
4 common problmes lf MS sys assessment
Pain
weakness
Stiffness
Balance and coordination problmes
what are the five abnormal gaits
propulsive
scissor
spastic
waddling
steppage
what are three spinal deformities
Kyphosis
scoliosis
lordosis
four common musculoskeletal abnormalities
Footdrop
muscles spasm or cramps
muscle atrophy
Crepitus
5 muscles abnormalities
unexplaid Hypertrophy
Flaccidity
Hypotocinicity
Fasciculationd
tremors
what ar ethe five Ps
Pain
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Pallor
pulse
